Indonesia is a country with fertile soil and rich in plant species. Currently in society the use of medicinal plants as herbal treatment has increased. Elderly people often experience Rheumatoid Arthritis, which is inflammation of the synovial lining of the joints. One of the plants used by the community is red betel leaf (Piper crocatum). However, scientific information related to the potential of red betel as an anti-inflammatory in Rheumatoid Arthritis is still not widely known by the public. This study was conducted to explore the potential of P. crocatum leaves to treat Rheumatoid Arthritis which can be used as references regarding Rheumatoid Arthritis therapy. This study uses a narrative review method from previous studies that were collected related to the topic which was then discussed systematically. By using keywords in the search for Piper crocatum, anti-inflammatory activity, red betel bioactivity, secondary compounds in red betel leaf, and Rheumatoid Arthritis. P. crocatum leaves contain various bioactive compounds. Flavonoids have activity as primary and secondary antioxidants. Flavonoid compounds such as brazilien, brazilin, taxifolin, procyanidin found in red betel have anti-inflammatory activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Brazilin is one of the flavonoid compounds from P. crocatum leaves that has the potential as an anti-inflammatory in rheumatoid arthritis by regulating the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) for TNF- expression against inflammation.
Candida albicans is a fungus that is included in the normal microbiota of humans. In general, C. albicans remains a lifelong commensal microorganism. This fungus has a hazardous impact. C. albicans can cause infection and is fatal. The spread of this fungus is one of the factors caused by antibiotic resistance, which causes C. albicans to be resistant and form strong colonies (biofilms) to survive. Natural ingredients for treatment is an alternative that is often used by the community because their use is effortless and practical. One of the plants is the leaves of Begonia multangula Blume. This plant is known to have potent antifungal activity, but its antibiofilm activity against C. albicans has not yet been reported in-depth about its antibiofilm. The discovery of new antibiofilm against C. albicans biofilms is a way to prevent the effects of infections caused by these biofilms. This research is a form of dedication to the effectiveness of Begonia multangula Blume leaf extract in inhibiting and eradicating C. albicans biofilm formation. Planktonic testing, inhibition, and biofilm eradication activity were carried out using the microtiter broth method. Antibiofilm activity of begonia leaves on C. albicans was measured by calculating the minimum concentration of biofilm inhibitor (MBIC50). Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) with a 95% confidence level. The begonia leaves showed inhibitory activity against the tested C. albicans biofilm formation. Begonia multangula Blume leaf extract 1% gave C. albicans antibacterial activity of 75±0.01% and mid-phase antibiofilm activity of 65.21±0.01% and maturation phase of 50.11±0.01. The results also provided evidence that the ethanolic extract of C. albicans can degrade (eradication) the formation of C. albicans biofilms. Therefore, the ethanol extract of begonia leaves can be developed as a new antibiofilm agent against C. albicans.
Inappropriate administration of antibiotics can cause resistance to bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the strong biofilm-forming bacteria that cause antibiotic resistance. Calincing (Oxalis corniculata L.) leaves have excellent antibacterial activity, but their antibiofilm activity against S. aureus has not been reported until now. Currently, the discovery of new antibiofilm against S. aureus biofilms is significant to prevent the impact of infections caused by biofilms. This study was intended to determine the effectiveness of the ethanol extract of O. corniculata leaves in inhibiting and eradicating S. aureus biofilm formation. Planktonic testing, inhibition, and biofilm eradication activity were carried out using the microtiter broth method. Antibiofilm activity of O. corniculata leaves against S. aureus biofilm was analyzed by calculating the minimum concentration of biofilm inhibitor (MBIC50) and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC50). Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) with a 95% confidence level. Oxalis corniculata leaves showed inhibitory activity on the formation of the tested S. aureus biofilm. The ethanol extract of 1% O. corniculata leaves gave 76.23±0.01% antibacterial activity of S. aureus and 71.32±0.01% of mid-phase antibiofilm activity, and 69.33±0.01% maturation phase. The results also prove that the ethanolic extract of O. corniculata leaves can eradicate S. aureus biofilm formation. Therefore, the ethanol extract of O. corniculata leaves can be developed as a new antibiofilm against S. aureus.
During this pandemic, people tend to consume herbal drinks to maintain endurance. One of the plants that people often use as a herbal drink is the lakum plant (cayratia folia). Lakum plants have various antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities. The main content of the lakum plant is flavonoids. The solvents most commonly used as solvents for lakum plant extracts are ethanol, water and methanol. In this study, primary data collection was carried out online, both in the form of national journals and international journals. The results obtained from several journals and other sources could determine the immunomodulatory potential of vacuum plants. In this study, it was found that many of the benefits of these plants include anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and others, of which a high level of antioxidant activity has an important role in each of the benefits of these plants.
Introduction: Singapore is one of the countries with the lowest mortality rate and the best handling of COVID-19. Singapore can be an example for Indonesia on COVID 19 pandemic handling.Methods: The method used is a literature review from google platform with these keywords: “Singapore Health Policy in COVID-19, Indonesian Health Policy in COVID-19, Singapore's success in suppressing COVID-19”. The analysis was done by comparing the policies taken from the two countries in dealing with COVID-19.Results: Singapore and Indonesia did indeed have very big differences in terms of government and in broad areas, it cannot be denied that Indonesia can have the same opportunity as Singapore in providing a good health disaster mitigation system for the community. Three factors influence Singapore's success in dealing with COVID-19: 1) having a responsive and efficient health disaster mitigation system, 2) government legitimacy which is determined by the capacity of the state. Singapore has a semi-centralized government with high legitimacy the experience of dealing with pandemics in the past, 3) Singapore's experience with SARS in the past makes Singaporeans understand very well the impact of the pandemic on their economic activities and social life.Conclusion: Several things can be emulated from Singapore in handling COVID-19 was the transparency, strong communication between community and the government, prioritizing the benefit and safety of civil society and building obedience and awareness of Covid 19 prevention.
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