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Thar desert is located in south-east Pakistan carries 175 billion tons of coal and is the biggest coalfield in Asia. In this paper mathematical framework is developed for the accurate estimation of power production from the available Thar coal capacity. Annual TWh possible energy production the period 2020 to 2040 followed by detailed analysis of capacity factor and Maximizing the share percentage of coal in total energy mix at least 40% by 2040 is presented. The findings reveal that Thar coal has the capability of producing 100,000 MW power up to the next 250 years. The energy generation for the years 2020, 2032, and 2040 is calculated 744 TWh per year, 700 TWh per year, and 665 TWh per year respectively and it produces negligible negative impacts on the environment. The long-term energy planning presented in this paper would attract foreign investment and Pakistan's energy needs would be fulfilled for sustainable development of the country.

This paper presents an energy plan for harnessing electrical power from hybrid energy resources, including biomass and solid waste, through hybrid technologies for microgrid development to overcome the current energy crisis and provide future sustainable electricity pathways for a developing country. Biomass and solid waste were collected from different dumping sites in Pakistan and were tested for their calorific value, which was found to be 6519Kcal/Kg. The total power was calculated based on this calorific value and it was found that there is a potential of total 11,989.5GW of power generation. Thus, hybrid energy resources are suitable for harnessing electrical energy through hybrid technologies. Different hybrid systems were examined for these resources and the gasification technique is finally proposed as the most suitable method for producing energy from biomass and solid waste resources in Pakistan. This technique is also found to be economically feasible for processing all kinds of waste.

Sidr honey is vulnerable to adulteration with low-grade honey and sugar syrups, which compromises its nutritional and medicinal value, demanding fast and reliable analytical tools for quality assessment. In this study, fluorescence spectroscopy was employed to assess the quality of a honey samples, specifically, Sidr, unifloral (Acacia) and multifloral (Acacia, Carisa and Justicia) honey. Fluorescence spectroscopy revealed characteristic spectral signatures of Sidr honey, compared to Acacia and multifloral honey. In addition, cane sugar syrup was artificially added to Sidr honey at different concentrations. These spectral signatures were exploited for the machine-assisted classification of Sidr, sugar syrup and different concentrations of Sidr–sugar mixture. The bagging classification algorithm generated values of sensitivity and specificity close to unity, indicating its ability for efficient discrimination of the samples. Fluorescence spectroscopy in tandem with chemometrics could potentially be used as a rapid analytical tool to identify Sidr honey and its sugar adulteration. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00217-022-04008-9.

Ultra thin and aligned carbon nanofibres (CNFs) have been fabricated by heat treatment from aligned polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibre precursors prepared by electrospinning. The alignment of the precursor nanofibres was achieved by using a modified electrospinning set up developed recently, where a tip collector was used to collect and align the nanofibres. The average diameter of the aligned CNFs is about 80 nm. The stabilization and carbonization behaviour were studied mainly based on the randomly oriented PAN nanofibres. The effects of stabilization and carbonization temperatures, temperature-increasing rates, and with and without substrates on the morphology and structure of the CNFs were investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the structure of the CNFs and thermogravimetric/ differential temperature analysis was used to evaluate the thermal behaviour of PAN nanofibres.

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