The primary objective of this study was to investigate the influence of organizational culture, supervisor behavior, and HRM practices over the employee turnover intentions of the NGOs sector in Sindh, Pakistan. A questionnaire survey, adopted from prior studies for data collection was used to carry out current research. The questionnaire was based on close-ended questions, having a seven-point Likert-type scale. The convenient sampling (an item of non-probability sampling) was used to collect data. A total of 180 questionnaires were distributed among employees of the NGOs sector, out of which 121 questionnaires were considered fit for data analysis and further interpretations. Initially, the data was processed in SPSS version 22.0 for analyzing descriptive statistics, whereas, the model was tested in SEM Smart-PLS. The organizational culture, supervisor behavior, and HRM practices were the significant predictors to reduce employee turnover intentions. While HRM practices and supervisor behavior contribute to decreasing employee turnover intentions. Furthermore, this study explained the interconnection of various factors such as, organizational culture, supervisor behavior, and HRM practices that cause employee turnover intentions, which were realized by actual employee turnover. The investigation provided explanations about why NGO employees intend to quit. Referring to empirical findings of current research, it is highly likely that NGOs might be able to reduce employee turnover. This research addressed specific circumstances of NGOs that cause high employee turnover, particularly in Sindh, which may be generalized at the country level.

This study aims to explore the relationship between transformational leadership (TFL), transactional leadership (TSL) styles, and corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices. The study explains the role of leadership styles between CSR and organizational performance (OP) to investigate the influence of leadership styles over CSR practices this study is the first of its kind in the Asian perspective and Pakistan in particular. Self-administered questionnaires are used to conduct this large-scale field study, data is collected from major cities of Pakistan. Questionnaires are filled by executive managers and administrative staff.  Purposive sampling technique is adopted to approach the respondents. Obtained results prove that TFL is more closely interlinked to CSR practices and this relationship becomes robust with the involvement of stakeholder-oriented marketing. Moreover, findings suggest that TSL increases while the TFL decreases the relationship between CSR practices and OP.

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the promotional policies and their impact on the performance of High School Teachers (HSTs) of public secondary schools of district Badin. To conduct this research both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. Primary data were collected through interviews and a self-administered questionnaire survey. 206 HSTs talked about their, experiences, ideas, they provided valuable comments and feedback to accomplish this study. Moreover, secondary data were collected from official documents such as official promotion policy papers. Simple random and purposive sampling techniques were used. The quantitative data were analyzed through SPSS-version 20, whereas; qualitative data were analyzed through the Miles & Huberman Model of qualitative data analysis. Findings indicate that HSTs lack basic information about promotion policies as a result they do not get promotions on time. Besides, there are frequent changes in the promotion eligibility criteria at the policymakers' end. However, it was noticed that promotions are being done on a merit basis (but are delayed promotions) following necessary (fair) procedures in the district. The causes of delayed promotions are negligence of accountable officials, poor government policies regarding promotions, bribes demand by clerical staff, and also the inattentiveness of teachers in submitting their documents. The bottom line is HSTs are completely not aware of the exact promotion policies, they lack information that when their promotions are due. Therefore, HSTs of district Badin must be properly educated about the promotion criteria, procedure and policies. Training on promotions and policies must be given to them so that every individual teacher could be aware of the promotions and policies.

All financial regulatory institutions legally bound their listed companies todisclose the information regarding the formulation of their audit committees.This study quantitatively investigates whether the quality of the auditcommittees affects the quality of a firm’s financial information. Using the dataof publicly listed non-financial companies of Pakistan Stock Exchange, thisresearch found a positive association between audit committee qualitymeasures and the firm’s quality of reported earnings. This study extends theunderstanding of measures for audit committee quality to stabilize thefinancial reporting process as it relates to the ongoing discussion byresearchers and financial regulators. Additionally, the study also increasesthe understanding of the concept of external audit quality for various partieswhich are involved in deliverance of good corporate governance practices; forexample, audit committees, external auditors, corporate boards, and topmanagement team. The study also explores the influencing factors, internal aswell as external, in the audit process by constructing its meaning andexplaining its practical importance. This detailed exploration andinvestigation into the procedures of audit quality are vital because auditing isthe process through which numbers in financial reports are checked and reevaluated for any potential clerical errors and omissions

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All publicly-traded companies are required by law to disclose their accurate financial information in order to reduce information asymmetries. This study focuses quantitatively on the impact of top management on the quality of corporate audits. Using company financial data, this study found that there is a positive correlation between highquality audits and company performance, as a higher quality audit can ensure rigorous follow-up to financial reports. This study also broadens the understanding of a higher-level manager in the presence of a quality audit.

This study aimed to explore the composition of BODs committees in PIACL. Secondary data from Annual Reports, Act, Rules and Regulations of the corporation in general and SECP recommendations i.e., the codes of CG in particular were collected. Data were analyzed in MS-Office 2016 version using MS-Excel and MS-Word. Obtained results are, the BODs can exercise their powers to form the board’s various committees, but at the same time BODs must execute their responsibilities focusing on objectives of the corporation and larger interest of stockholders in good faith and judgment, especially executing authority for the establishment of AC. BODs must confirm that none of the member's interests conflicts with the objectives of the committee. The Principal Finance Officer (CFO), inside audit officials, and officers like the chief cooperating officer (CEO) do not represent AC. However, one member of the committee must hold ample knowledge related to finance, but this does not mean that a member of the board who is linked either with financial matters or audit operations is appointed on the committee. Results further indicated that in PIACL different committees of BODs have been formed where a director in the finance committee is also appointed as member or chairman in AC in contrast to SECP codes. Similarly, various BODs have been made part of the AC, HR, IT, Procurement, Marketing (Brand and advertisement) committee. Whereas, practically it is very uncommon that an individual possesses expertise in IT, HR, Marketing, and Finance fields simultaneously as these are diverse fields, how come a person can be an expert of all disciplines at the same time? Hence, the appointment of directors in multiple committees at the same time raises a lot of questions about the independent working or decision-making of such committees.