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Composition and thermal characterization of genuine and randomized lard were investigated comparatively in an attempt to find common merits that assess lard detection. The investigation included compositional and positional distribution of fatty acids, triacylglycerol profiling by gas chromatography (GC) and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), as well as thermal behavior by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of both samples. Individual and total saturated and unsaturated fatty acid composition in total fats of both genuine and randomized lard were identical. On the other hand, the results of pancreatic lipolysis/GC analysis showed that the average percent palmitic acid [PAEF(%)] and myristic acid [MAEF(%)] enrichment factors of genuine (280 and 270) and randomized lard (I I 0 and 98) were quite different. Thus, application of PAEF to detect randomized lard is of no value. However, normalization of fatty acid distribution by randomization in 2-monoacylglycerols made the individual and total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids almost identical to that of total fat and neutral triacylglycerols (TG) of lard. TG compositional analysis by GC revealed that both genuine and randomized lard had six dominant TG (C46, C48, C50, Cs2 , Cs4, and C56) with quite different concentrations. TG with C52 represent the major constituent of genuine and randomized lard. TG profiling of samples was also carried out by RP-HPLC with a refractive index detector. The same peaks were eluted in both samples, but the area % of major peaks changed due to randomization. 2-Palmitooleostearin (SPO) was found in high proportion in lard. However, the ratios of SPO to 2-palmitooleolinolein of both genuine and randomized lard are close (0.6 • 0.05) and significantly distinguishable from that of beef (4.24), mutton (6.17), chicken (0.21), and turkey (0.14) fats. The DSC thermogram and thermodynamics of phase transitions of both samples were quite different and do not reveal common characteristic(s) that could be used for immediate detection of lard substances in fat admixtures.

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The present review covers the recent synthetic strategies and chemical transformations of thiazolo[3,2-a]benzimidazoles and it also presents the highlights of the biological activities of these compounds.

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Canagliflozin is the first sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this study, a simple and sensitive HPLC assay with a florescence detector was developed for accurate quantification of canagliflozin in human plasma using telmisartan as the internal standard (IS). Plasma samples were extracted by a liquid-liquid extraction method using diethyl ether as an extracting solvent. Chromatographic separation of canagliflozin and IS was performed on a Nucleodur Isis C 18 column with an isocratic mobile phase of 20 mM potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate : acetonitrile (45 : 55, v/v) at a flow rate of 1 mL min À1 . Canagliflozin and IS were eluted at 2.8 and 5.8 min, respectively, and detected at 280 and 325 nm for excitation and emission, respectively. The plasma calibration curve displayed excellent linearity over the concentration range of 16.13-6000 ng mL À1 . The assay was fully validated in terms of selectivity & specificity, linearity of the calibration curve, accuracy & precision, recovery and stability under various storage conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first validated HPLC-florescence detector assay for the quantification of canagliflozin in human plasma.