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A new method for the measurement of scoliotic curves in antero-posterior (AP) radiographs is presented, in which the centre of the surface image of the vertebral bodies of the apical and two end vertebrae of the curvature are defined on the basis of geometric principles. Measurements using the Cobb, the Ferguson, and the new method were performed on ten AP radiographs from each of three groups of young patients with right convex thoracic idiopathic scoliosis with Cobb angles of between 7 and 15 degrees, 16 and 45 degrees and 46 and 80 degrees, respectively. Measurements using the Cobb method yielded significantly higher values than measurements using either the Ferguson method or the new method. In curves with Cobb angles of between 7 and 15 degrees, the values using Ferguson's method were significantly lower than those using the new method; the difference increased significantly in curves with a Cobb angle of 16 degrees or more. The level of significance of the intra- and interobserver differences between the new, the Cobb and the Ferguson methods was significantly higher in curves with a Cobb angle of 16 degrees or more. It is argued that measures of the scoliotic angle obtained by the new method are of greater clinical relevance than those obtained by the two other methods. Unlike the Cobb method, the new method takes into consideration the translation of the apical vertebra in relation to the end vertebrae and not only the tilt of the end vertebrae of the curve. As compared to the Ferguson method, the new method is based on standardised geometric principles, and is not influenced by changes in the shape of the vertebral body. Moreover, the repeatability of the new method is greater than that of both the Cobb method and the Ferguson method. Therefore, it is believed that the new method provides a more accurate measure of the scoliotic curve than do the two other methods, and it is to be preferred over the other two methods in longitudinal evaluation of the development of the curve.

Rectal Misoprostol may be used safely in the management of the third stage of labor.

In diabetics, Norplant results in minimal metabolic alterations followed by OCs while DMPA has unfavorable outcome.

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The incidence of Chlamydial infection in these high risk Egyptian patients is relatively high. Emperical treatment is recommended as the diagnosis is costly and usually not available.

IntroductionVertebral growth is a determining factor for the configuration of the spine in health and disease. There are several reports on vertebral growth per se [4,18] and in relation to clinical aspects of idiopathic scoliosis (IS) [19,22], in Scheuermann's disease [6,20] and in relation to the pathomechanism in experimental scoliosis [15]. There are also reports on vertebral growth asymmetry during developement of scoliosis [3,18] and still others vertebral growth after posterior spinal fusion [11,14,17] or after spinal inAbstract A new method is presented for stereological evaluation of the volume of the vertebral body in vivo. The height of the vertebral body is measured at three standardised points on an anteroposterior radiograph and at two other points on a lateral one. The area of the body is also measured using a special grid superimposed on a CT scan from the middle part of the vertebra. The volume of the vertebral body is then calculated using Cavalieri's principle for irregular objects: V = ∆a × H, where V is the volume of the vertebral body, ∆a is the mean cross-section surface area on the CT scan and H is the mean of the heights at the five points on the radiographs, computed as mean weighted circumferential height. The volume of one normal and one scoliotic vertebra was evaluated in vitro using this formula. The obtained values were compared with the values derived from serial CT scans of the two vertebrae. The results showed that the volume of the normal vertebra measured with our new method was 15.9 cm 3 and measured with serial CT scans using the same grid it was 15.07 cm 3 .For the scoliotic vertebra the values were 17.6 and 17.3 cm 3 , respectively. The degree of accuracy of the measurements with the presented method as compared with the serial CT method was 95% for the normal and 98.5% for the scoliotic vertebra. To prove the clinical applicability of the method, the heights of the apical and of the upper and the lower end vertebrae of the curve and the volume of the apical vertebrae were evaluted in eight scoliotic girls (nine curves) before and 3 years after spinal instrumentation and posterior fusion. The results showed that the mean circumferential height of the three vertebrae had increased significantly at the last follow-up. The volume of the apical vertebra had also increased, but the difference was not significant. It is concluded that the described method is easy to apply and has satisfactory accuracy for in vivo longitudinal studies of the volume of the vertebral body on radiographs and CT scans.