Enterococci are Gram-positive bacteria that cause serious nosocomial infections, including urinary tract, bloodstream infections and endocarditis. During the period of September 2018 to February 2019, forty four isolates of E. faecalis were isolated from 826 clinical specimens including; 35(5.07%) isolates of E. faecalis from urine, 7(7.60%) isolates from high vaginal swab and 2(8.69%) isolates from blood patients in different hospitals. All isolates that described above were identified depending on cultural criteria, morphological criteria, biochemical tests and further confirmed by Vitek 2 compact systems. The results of eleven antimicrobial against obtained isolates revealed that 100% of E. faecalis were resistant to cefotaxime, vancomycin, amoxicillin and erythromycin. While, it were 100% sensitive to doxycycline, imipenem, and nitrofurantion. Whereas, most isolates were differ in their susceptibility to amikacin, gentamycin, tetracycline and azithromycin. On the other hand, the results of biofilm found that 13.63% of isolates were produce strong biofilm, 54.54% were produce moderate biofilm and 31.81% were produce weak biofilm. The results of molecular analysis by using PCR showed that isolated E. faecalis were carried 97.72%, 90.90%, 63.63% of ebpR, asa1, esp genes respectively.

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In the present study, 13 (4.06%) isolates of Burkholderia mallei were obtained from hands of 320 workers in veterinary laboratories in Erbil Province-Iraq. All isolates identified depending on conventional assays, VITEK 2 compact system, and further confirmed by PCR using 23 rDNA gen. The results of PCR product showed that the expected size (526bp) was obtained for all local isolates and for B. mallei ATCC 15310. Also the effect of 10 antimicrobials against isolated bacteria were studied and the results showed that isolated B. mallei were absolutely resistant to norfloxacin, and 100% sensitive to imipenem and ceftazidime. The antibacterial activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Anethum graveolens against B. mallei was studied. The results of MIC by using broth dilution method revealed that the alcohol and aqueous extracts exhibited inhibition of B. mallei growth and the MIC was 800, 1000 µg/ml, respectively. On molecular study, the SubMIC (750, 950 µg/ml) for both extracts against plasmid DNA profile of most resistant isolate of B. mallei was studied. The results showed three plasmid DNA band exist in local isolate of B. mallei and stander strain of B. mallei ATCC 15310 before treating with A. graveolens extracts. While it was decreased from three to two in the local isolate and the standard strain ATCC 15310 when treated with A. graveolens extracts. The inhibitory effect of the above mentioned extracts against total protein was studied by SDS-PAGE binding pattern. The results showed that there were differences in the protein banding pattern among the tested isolates and induction of some new protein bands when treated with plant extracts.

Staphylococcus hominis is an opportunistic gram positive bacteria and is a member of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) . During the study, 213 clinical specimens were collected from patients admitted to different hospitals in Erbil city, Iraq. Only 18(8.45%) isolates of S. hominis were isolated including 7 isolates (17.07%) from blood, 4 isolates (8.70%) from urine, 3 isolates (7.14%) from ear, 2 isolates (6.67%) from wound, and one isolate from each nasal swab (4.55%) and oral cavity (3.13%), all S. hominis identified based on morphology, cultural, biochemical tests, and further confirmed by Vitek 2 compact system. To determine the most accurate assay for measuring methicillin resistance S. hominis, compared the detection of mecA by PCR with detection by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards methods using oxacillin and Cefoxitin disk diffusion method. The results of oxacillin showed 13 (72.22%) isolates resistant to methicillin and 5 (27.77%) isolates were sensitive to it. While, the results of cefoxitin demonstrated that 16 (88.89%) isolates were resistant to methicillin and only 2 isolates (11.11%) were sensitive to it. However, the same results of the Cefoxitin disk diffusion method was obtained by PCR and by using mecA gene which 16 isolates (88.89%) were carried mecA gene with product size 499bp. The results of microtiter plate method revealed that 16 (88.89%) isolates of S. hominis were biofilm producer and only 2 isolates (11.11%) were non-biofilm producer. Moreover,of 16 biofilm producer isolates, 14 isolates (77.77%) were categorized as strong biofilm producers and 2 (11.11%) isolates were identified as moderate biofilm producers.