Objective-Microvesicles have been shown to mediate intercellular communication. Previously, we have correlated entry of murine lung-derived microvesicles into murine bone marrow cells with expression of pulmonary epithelial cell-specific mRNA in these marrow cells. The present studies establish that entry of lung-derived microvesicles into marrow cells is a prerequisite for marrow expression of pulmonary epithelial cell-derived mRNA.Methods/Results-Murine bone marrow cells co-cultured with rat lung, but separated from them using a cell-impermeable membrane (0.4 micron pore size), were analyzed using species-specific primers (for rat or mouse). These studies revealed that surfactant B and C mRNA produced by murine marrow cells were of both rat and mouse origin. Similar results were obtained using murine lung cocultured with rat bone marrow cells or when bone marrow cells were analyzed for the presence of species-specific albumin mRNA after co-culture with rat or murine liver. These studies show that microvesicles both deliver mRNA to marrow cells and also mediate marrow cell transcription of tissue-specific mRNA. The latter likely underlies the longer term stable change in genetic phenotype which has been observed. We have also observed microRNA in lung-derived microvesicles and Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Conflict of interest disclosureNo financial interest/relationships with financial interest relating to the topic of this article have been declared. studies with RNase-treated microvesicles indicate that microRNA negatively modulates pulmonary epithelial cell-specific mRNA levels in co-cultured marrow cells. In addition, we have also observed tissue-specific expression of brain, heart and liver mRNA in co-cultured marrow cells suggesting that microvesicle-mediated cellular phenotype change is a universal phenomena. NIH Public AccessConclusion-These studies suggest that cellular systems are more phenotypically labile then previously considered.
Numerous animal studies have demonstrated that adult marrow-derived cells can contribute to the cellular component of the lung. Lung injury is a major variable in this process; however, the mechanism remains unknown. We hypothesize that injured lung is capable of inducing epigenetic modifications of marrow cells, influencing them to assume phenotypic characteristics of lung cells. We report that under certain conditions, radiation-injured lung induced expression of pulmonary epithelial cell-specific genes and prosurfactant B protein in cocultured whole bone marrow cells separated by a cell-impermeable membrane. Lung-conditioned media had a similar effect on cocultured whole bone marrow cells and was found to contain pulmonary epithelial cell-specific RNA-filled microvesicles that entered whole bone marrow cells in culture. Also, whole bone marrow cells cocultured with lung had a greater propensity to produce type II pneumocytes after transplantation into irradiated mice. These findings demonstrate alterations of marrow cell phenotype by lung-derived microvesicles and suggest a novel mechanism for marrow cell-directed repair of injured tissue.
CD1d is a major histocompatibility complex class Ilike molecule that exhibits a distinct antigen processing pathway that functions in the presentation of hydrophobic antigens to T cells. CD1d has been previously shown to be expressed on the cell surface of human intestinal epithelial cell lines in vivo and a transfected cell line in vitro independently of  2 -microglobulin ( 2 m). To define the relationship between CD1d and  2 m and characterize the biochemical structure of CD1d in the absence of  2 m, we have used a newly generated series of CD1d transfectants and CD1d-specific antibodies. These studies show that in the absence of  2 m, CD1d is expressed on the cell surface as a 45-kDa glycoprotein that is sensitive to endoglycosidase-H and is reduced to 37-kDa after N-glycanase digestion. In contrast, in the presence of  2 m, CD1d is expressed on the cell surface as a 48-kDa endoglycosidase-H-resistant glycoprotein. Pulse-chase metabolic labeling studies demonstrate that acquisition of endoglycosidase-H resistance of CD1d is observed in the presence of  2 m but not in the absence of  2 m even after a 24-h chase period. Thus, CD1d is able to be transported to the cell surface independently of  2 m; however, in the absence of  2 m, the glycosylation pattern of CD1d is altered and consistent with an immature glycoprotein.First identified on cortical thymocytes, the CD1 gene family encodes a group of nonpolymorphic proteins, which have several features in common with both the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) 1 class I and class II molecules (1). CD1 is a system of proteins encoded by five genes, CD1A-E, which, although homologous to classic MHC molecules, are likely distinct in their structure and function. The human CD1 gene family falls into two groups based on sequence homology: CD1A-C and CD1D. In mice, two CD1D homologues, MCD1.1 and MCD1.2, have been identified (2, 3). There is increasing recognition that the CD1 molecules may serve a unique role in antigen presentation distinct from both MHC class I and class II by presenting nonpeptide antigens to a discrete subset of T cells. CD1b and CD1c, for example, have been shown to mediate CD4Ϫ CD8 Ϫ double negative T cell recognition of bacterial lipid and glycolipid antigens (4 -6). Similar functions are predicted for the CD1d subtype based on the recent crystallographic structural characterization of mouse CD1d (7) and the recent identification of glycophosphatidylinositol anchors (8) and glycosylceramides (9) as antigens involved in CD1d presentation. In addition, unlike MHC class I, which presents peptide antigens in transporter in antigen processing proteindependent manner, CD1d has been shown by several investigators to be transporter in antigen processing-independent with respect to CD1d surface expression and antigen presentation (10 -12).In rodents, a subset of CD4 ϩ T cells exist that express the natural killer cell (NK) marker 1.1, called NK1.1 ϩ CD4 ϩ T cells, and carry an invariant T cell receptor-␣ chain in coassociation with a limite...
An experimental atomic resolution analysis of an undoped Σ5 36° [001] tilt grain boundary in SrTiO3 shows that the structure contains incomplete oxygen octahedra. These incomplete octahedra act as effective oxygen vacancies and lead to a fixed, positive boundary charge. Annealing the boundary in the presence of MnO2 does not change the atomic structure of the boundary plane, and results in a high concentration of Mn3+ (acceptor) enrichment at the specific Ti4+ locations in closest proximity to the effective oxygen vacancies. This result can be explained in terms of standard charge compensation models and indicates that the formation of electrical barriers at oxide grain boundaries may be influenced by the atomic structure of the boundary plane.
Treosulfan (L-threitol-1,4-bismethanesulfonate) is an alkylating agent with routine clinical application in the treatment of ovarian cancer. In this murine study we show that this drug also has the ability to deplete primitive hematopoietic stem cells in a dose-dependent manner as determined by the cobblestone area-forming cell assay and is similar to its parent compound busulfan. Because busulfan is frequently used as part of the conditioning regimen before stem cell transplantation, we investigated an alternative nonmyeloablative protocol in an allogeneic bone marrow transplantation model in which low-dose treosulfan was added to an immune-suppressive regimen consisting of T cell-depleting antibodies, fludarabine, and thymic irradiation. Although this treatment protocol produced minimal myelosuppression, the addition of treosulfan proved to be important for allowing stable multilineage and mixed chimerism in C57BL/6 recipients of major histocompatibility complex-mismatched B10.A bone marrow without evidence of graft-versus-host disease. Donor lymphocyte infusion performed at 10 weeks after bone marrow transplantation had the effect of transforming the state of mixed chimerism to full donor-type cells, again without evidence of graft-versus-host disease. Donor-specific immunologic tolerance in the mixed chimeric animals was indicated by the acceptance of donor-type and rejection of third-party skin grafts. Thus, low-dose treosulfan may be considered as a useful component of a truly nonmyeloablative conditioning protocol in providing for mixed hematopoietic chimerism and, consequently, in establishing a platform for adoptive immunotherapy.
We have investigated whether a state of tolerance toward EGFP-expressing skin tissue can be induced by prior establishment of EGFP molecular chimerism by transplant of gene-transduced bone marrow in mice. Irradiated (10 Gy) C57BL/6J mice were transplanted with bone marrow cells transduced with two different retroviral vectors encoding EGFP. EGFP-transduced, mock-transduced, and age-matched control mice received skin grafts from both C57BL/6 EGFP-transgenic (B6-EGFP. Tg) and MHC-mismatched B10.A donor mice at 8, 29, or 39 weeks after bone marrow transplantation. Although 14 of 17 control mice rejected EGFP.Tg skin grafts within 100 days, 24 of 25 mice receiving EGFP-expressing bone marrow cells accepted their B6-EGFP.Tg grafts out to 200 days after skin grafting, including animals with undetectable levels of EGFP expression in blood cells. The EGFP-transduced animals rejected third-party grafts from MHC-mismatched mice within 20 days, indicating that acceptance of the EGFP-expressing skin grafts was the result of the induction of specific and operational immune tolerance. Thus, our data indicate that (a) EGFP-expressing tissue elicits an immunological rejection in C57BL/6 mice and (b) tolerance can be induced by engrafting relatively small numbers of EGFP-transduced hematopoietic cells. These experiments utilizing EGFP as an immunogen point to the wider therapeutic potential of employing transplantation of gene-transduced hematopoietic cells for establishing immunological tolerance and thereby preventing rejection of gene-corrected cells and tissues.
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