The development of a piezoelectric hydrophone based on lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate [PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT)] single-crystal piezoelectric as the hydrophone substrate is reported. Although PMN-PT can possess much higher piezoelectric sensitivity than traditional lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectrics, it is highly anisotropic and therefore there is a large gain in sensitivity only when the crystal structure is oriented in a specific direction. Because of this, simply replacing the PZT substrate with a PMN-PT cylinder is not an optimal solution because the crystal orientation does not uniformly align with the circumferential axis of the hydrophone. Therefore, a composite hydrophone that maintains the optimal crystal axis around the hydrophone circumference has been developed. An 11.3 mm diameter composite hydrophone cylinder was fabricated from a single <110> cut PMN-PT rectangular plate. Solid end caps were applied to the cylinder and the sensitivity was directly compared with a solid PZT-5A cylindrical hydrophone of equal dimensions in a hydrophone test tank. The charge sensitivity showed a 9.1 dB improvement over the PZT hydrophone and the voltage sensitivity showed a 3.5 dB improvement. This was in good agreement with the expected theoretical improvements of 10.1 and 4.5 dB, respectively.
In recent years, there has been a proliferation of Ocean Observing Systems (OOS) along with a wide distribution of their associated data products. The collected data support scientific research, industry, and government organizations by providing long term measurements of biological, chemical, and physical properties of the ocean environment. However, the collection and distribution of underwater acoustic data poses a potential security risk for naval vessels operating in the vicinity of OOS. The Canadian Forces Maritime Experimental and Test Ranges (CFMETR) provide an underwater tracking facility for naval tests, and are approximately 50 km from hydrophones of the Victoria Experimental Network Under the Sea (VENUS) observatory. Under an existing CFMETR-VENUS agreement, data are diverted during certain naval tests. In order to minimize the frequency of these data diversions, a study is being conducted to investigate acoustic propagation in the Strait of Georgia. The results of acoustic modeling and measurement of transmission loss from CFMETR to VENUS will be presented. A software application called CAVEAT is also presented. The application was developed to integrate the transmission loss results along with other sonar parameters to enable operators at CFMETR to determine the risk of acoustic exposure.
This study describes the development of a underwater surveillance hydrophone based on next generation PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) single-crystal piezoelectric as the hydrophone substrate. Although PMN-PT can possess much higher piezoelectric sensitivity than traditional PZT piezoelectrics, it is highly anisotropic and therefore there is a large gain in sensitivity only when the crystal structure is oriented in a specific direction. Because of this, simply replacing the PZT substrate with a PMN-PT cylinder is not an optimal solution because the crystal orientation does not uniformly align with the circumferential axis of the hydrophone. Therefore, we have developed a novel composite hydrophone that maintains the optimal crystal axis around the hydrophone circumference. An 11.3 mm diameter composite hydrophone cylinder was fabricated from a single <110> cut PMN-PT rectangular plate. Solid end caps were applied to the cylinder and the sensitivity was directly compared with a solid PZT-5A cylindrical hydrophone of equal dimensions in a hydrophone test tank. The charge sensitivity showed a 7.5 dB improvement over the PZT hydrophone and the voltage sensitivity showed a 2.7 dB improvement. This was in relatively good agreement with the theoretical improvements of 12.88 dB and 5.44 dB, respectively.
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