Allophylus serratusmediated silver nanoparticles biosynthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity were described. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by visual observation: UV-Vis spectrum, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR). UV-Vis spectroscopy studies showed that the absorption spectra of synthesized silver nanoparticles from leaf and callus extracts had absorbance peak range of 440 nm and 445 nm, respectively. The X-RD pattern revealed the presence of crystalline, dominantly spherical silver nanoparticles in the sample having size ranging from 42 to 50 nm. The XRD peaks 38.2°, 44.1°, 64.1°, and 77.0° for leaf extract and 38.1°, 44.3°, 64.5°, 77.5°, and 81.33° for callus extract can be assigned the plane of silver crystals (111), (200), (220), and (311), respectively, and indicate that the silver nanoparticles are face-centered, cubic, and crystalline in nature. SEM and EDS analysis also confirmed the presence of silver nanoparticles. The FTIR results showed the presence of some biomolecules in extracts that act as reducing and capping agent for silver nanoparticles biosynthesis. The synthesized silver nanoparticles showed significant antibacterial activity againstKlebsiella pneumoniaeandPseudomonas aeruginosa.

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Allophylus serratus is an important medicinal plant whose leaves, fruits, roots and stem have been in use in traditional medicines. The present study is aimed to carry out preliminary phytochemical analysis and to determine antioxidant activity of leaf and callus water, methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of A. serratus. The extracts were subject to various qualitative and quantitative tests for phytochemical analysis. An in vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts was investigated by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS++,(2,2-azinobis(3-ethyl-benzothiozoline)-6-sulfonic acid) and FRAPS(Ferric reducing/ antioxidant power)  assays. The qualitative phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, glycocides, saponins, tannins, and steroids in both leaf and callus extracts. The quantitative analysis result showed higher yields of phenolics (104.73±4.3 mg) followed by flavonoids (69.63±6.35 mg) and soluble tannins (69.59±1.27mg) equivalent gallic acid/g of methanol, ethyl acetate and methanol, respectively. In case of callus extracts, the highest yield is phenols (54.42±6.59gm) followed by flavonoids (39.17±6.35 gm) equivalent gallic acid/g of methanol extracts. The antioxidant activity assays of both leaf and callus extracts demonstrated strong antioxidant activity which could be due to high content of phenolics and flavenoids. The methanol extract showed more antioxidant potential than the other extracts of both leaf and callus but leaf extracts show significant antioxidant activity than the callus extracts. Therefore, both leaf and callus extracts of Allophylus serratus contain phytochemicals that are potential source for antioxidant which suggested that the plant could serve as a source of useful drugs.

Allophylus serratus is a medicinal plant used traditionally as anti-inflammatory agent. The main objectives of this study are to identify phytochemical compounds that have anti-inflammatory properties from the leaf extracts of Allophylus serratus and to search for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme inhibitors through molecular docking. From the GC-MS analysis of leaf extracts of this plant, various phytochemicals were identified. About 10of these phytochemical compounds were analyzed for their drug likeliness based on Lipinski's rule of five and inhibitor property against the cyclooxygenase (COX-2) enzyme, a protein responsible for inflammationThe phytochemical compounds which satisfy the Lipinski's rule such as 2,4a,5,6,7,5,5,(R) and Sulfurous acid, dipentyl ester were subjected to docking experiments using AutoDock Vina. The results from molecular docking study revealed that 1H-Benzocycloheptene, 2,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-3,5,5,9-tetramethyl-, (R)-, Sulfurous acid, dipentyl ester and 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester bind effectively to the active site region of COX-2 with a binding energy of -8.9, -8.4, and -7.9, respectively. The binding energy of the phyto-compounds were compared with the known antiinflammatory drug Diclofenac that inhibit COX-2 enzyme. It was found that the phytochemical compounds from leaf extracts of Allophylus serratus have strong inhibitory effect on COX-2 enzyme and as a result they have potential anti-inflammatory medicinal values. Thus the study puts forth experimental validation for traditional antidote and these phyto-compounds could be further promoted as potential lead molecule.

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SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) is an unparalleled challenge for the international community. Subsequently, an extraordinary effort has been made to contain SARS-CoV-2. However, this has been largely limited to behavioral changes and vaccination. To make the containment strategies effective, behavioral changes and vaccination need to be complemented with alternative prevention methods and curative treatments. This work reports the antiviral properties of some of the commonly known edible medicinal plants that can be used as potential remedies to suppress coronaviruses. A growing body of evidence substantiates that edible medicinal plants with antiviral properties that have been proven effective against sibling coronaviruses likely contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2, and they may also suppress the fatality of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). The secondary metabolites found in herbal medicines do not cause pathogens to develop drug resistance, which is a common problem in conventional medicines. The use of edible medicinal plants is much safer and causes less panic, thereby avoiding the fear associated with the use of herbal medicines. Right dosages and mixtures of edible medicinal plants need to be rigorously investigated to circumvent unanticipated side effects and chronic health risks.

Background Allophylus serratus Roxb (Kurz.) is a medicinal plant with various therapeutic properties. It has been used for the treatment of various alignments such as elephantiasis, edema, fractured bones, in bone dislocations, wound, several gastrointestinal disorders such as dyspepsia, anorexia, and diarrhea. The aim of this study is to establish protocol for surface sterilization, in vitro callus induction and plant regeneration from leaf and nodal segment explants of Allophylus serratus. Results From the tested media, the maximum callus induction frequency (81.11%) from leaf and 84.44% from nodal segment explants were achieved on MS medium supplemented with 3 mg l− 1BAP) combined with 0.5mgl− 1 NAA. The highest shoot regeneration frequency (57.78%) and root regeneration frequency (65.55%) were achieved on growth regulators free MS medium and MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg l− 1IBA respectively. Acclimatization of the regenerated plantlets was established successfully (100%) in a pot containing sand, soil and compost in 1:2:2 ratios. Conclusions In this study successful callus induction protocol from leaf and nodal explants of A. serratus using MS media supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators (2,4-D, NAA, and BAP). MS media containing 3mg/l BAP and 0.5mg/l NAA was the most efficient for callus induction. these callus induction and plant regeneration protocols are very important for mass propagation of the species and also opens a new way to facilitate secondary metabolites production and isolation of pharmaceuticals from callus rather than harvesting the plant.