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We show in this letter that P-and T-odd terms of the electromagnetic potentials (P; parity , T; time reversal) are induced and lead an unusual phenomenon in P-and T-violating superconductors discovered recently. The Ginzburg-Landau action includes this term in the gauge invariant manner. The coefficient of the term is nearly topological invariant with a small correction and equals to the fine structure constant approximately. Unusual "Hall effect" without external magnetic field could be observed by SQUID.

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These findings demonstrated that the OPTN gene is associated with POAG rather than NTG in the Japanese. Statistical analysis showed a possible interaction between polymorphisms in the OPTN and the TNF-alpha genes that would increase the risk for glaucoma.

Colonization of oral surfaces by Candida is considered a risk factor for invasive fungal infections. The use of a product with L. rhamnosus, L. acidophilus, and B. bifidum may represent an alternative treatment for reduction of Candida infections in elderly denture wearers.

Background and Objective Although previous studies revealed the potential use of probiotics in the control of periodontitis, little is known about their interactions with gingival epithelial cells (GECs). Since GECs comprise the first defense in the subgingival microenvironment, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria strains on OBA‐9 cells challenged with Porphyromonas gingivalis. Methods Immortalized human GECs (OBA‐9) were challenged with live P. gingivalis (strains W83 and ATCC33277) and co‐infected with one of 12 tested probiotic strains at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1:1000 for 2 hours. Bacterial adhesion and invasion were determined by antibiotic exclusion analysis and CFU counting. OBA‐9 viability was assessed by MTT assay, and levels of inflammatory mediators (TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and CXCL8) in the supernatants were determined by ELISA. The expression of genes encoding Toll‐like receptors (TLR2, TLR4) was evaluated by RT‐qPCR. Results Both strains of P. gingivalis were able to adhere and invade OBA‐9 cells, with significant loss in cell viability, increase in the levels of TNF‐α and IL‐1β, and upregulation of TLR4. However, co‐infection with probiotics attenuated these effects in P. gingivalis challenged GECs. Most probiotics maintained OBA‐9 viability and reduced pathogens adhesion and invasion. Furthermore, probiotics were able to adhere to GECs, which was enhanced for most strains in the presence of P. gingivalis. The synthesis of IL‐1β and TNF‐α by P. gingivalis in challenged GECs was reduced in co‐culture with most of the tested probiotics, whereas the secretion of CXCL8 increased, and TLR4 was downregulated. Conclusion Probiotics can alter the interaction of GECs with P. gingivalis by modulating the pathogen's ability to adhere and invade these cells, as well as by regulating the innate immune response. Such properties are strain‐specific and may indicate the most efficient probiotics to control periodontitis.