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P Pu ur rp po os se e: : In order to examine the efficacy of tracheal lidocaine (TL) for attenuation of the cardiovascular responses to endotracheal intubation (EI), we compared the cardiovascular responses to TL alone and EI with TL, with those to EI without TL.M Me et th ho od ds s: : Seventy-five patients (ASA I-II) were studied. Anesthesia was induced with fentanyl 2 µg·kg 1 iv, thiamylal 5 mg·kg 1 iv and sevoflurane 1.0% in oxygen. Vecuronium 0.12 mg·kg 1 was used to facilitate EI. In Group A (n=25), three minutes after induction, EI was performed. In Group B (n=25), three minutes after induction, the patients received TL (4% lidocaine, 4 mL). This was followed by immediate EI. In Group C (n=25), EI was performed two minutes after TL. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure and rate-pressure product (RPP) were measured from one minute before induction until five minutes after EI.R Re es su ul lt ts s: : The changes of RPP caused by TL alone in Group C (TL; +34.6 ± 29.0%, mean ± SD) were significantly (P <0

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These findings demonstrate that a single administration of DEX to rats on P7 preserves hippocampal synaptic plasticity as well as synaptic transmission later in life. In view of the some evidence that have demonstrated the permanent detrimental impact of commonly used anesthetics on neurological outcomes after neonatal exposure, our findings may suggest the relative safety of DEX administered as a sedative agent to neonatal animals with regard to the development of hippocampal synaptic functions.