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It proves convenient -though partially arbitrary -to describe behavior from two different standpoints, which lead to results which shade into one another. The etic viewpoint studies behavior as from outside of a particular system, and as an essential initial approach to an alien system. The emic viewpoint results from studying behavior as from inside the system. (I coined the words etic and emic from the words phonetic and phonemic, following the conventional linguistic usage of these latter terms. The short terms are used in an analogous manner, but for more general purposes.) Characteristics of the Two StandpointsThe principal differences between the etic and emic approaches to language and culture can be summarized as follows: Cross-cultural versus specific

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