PROBLEMCronbach and MeehlC6) have examined the construct of validity in psychological testing and discussed four types of validation-namely, predictive validity, concurrent validity, content validity and construct validity. The first two kinds of validity can be distinguished from the last two in terms of criterion-oriented validation procedures. The present paper is concerned with construct validation which "is ordinarily studied when the tester has no definite criterion measure of the quality with which he is concerned and must use indirect p. 282) As Cronbach and Meehl have indicated, in studies of construct validity the trait or quality underlying the test is of central importance, rather than either the test behavior or the scores on the criteria. In their paper they p. 3 0 0 ) that many types of evidence are relevant t o construct validity, including content validity, interitem correlations, intertest, correlations, test "criterion" correlations, studies of stability over time, and stability under experimental intervention.The present study is an attempt to evaluate certain aspects of the construct validity of the Sixteen Personality Factors Test principally by means of correlating its factors with the better-known scales of the MMPI. Specifically, the following questions were investigated : What are the relationships betu een MMPI scale scores and 16 P F. factor scores? Do the two forms of the 16 P. F. Test correlate highly enough t o be used as equivalent forms as they were intended@), i.e., what are the coefficients of equivalence of the individual factors? Further, what is the relationship between scores on factor B (general intelligence) and scores on individual tests of intelligence such as the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale Form I (W-B I) and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)? Finally, an attempt was made t o determine whether experienced clinicians are capable of predicting which factors from the 16 P. F. would be significantly correlated with each of the MMPI scales. The design of this study should make apparent which areas of personality the 16 P. F. Test and the MMPI measure in common as well as those areas which are idiosyncratic to each. PROCEDURE The sample consisted of 71 USAF officers on flying status who were referred to the School of Aviation Medicine for medical and psychological evaluation. The average age was 33, with a range of 20 to 39 years, and the mean number of years of education was 13, with a range of 12 to 16 years. The mean Full Scale I& on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale was 121.98 with a standard deviation of 6.50. The patients were referred for evaluation between August, 1955, and July, 1956, and were individually administered the group form of the MMPI which contains 566 items by the Department of Neuropsychiatry, and Forms A and B of the 16 P. F. Test by the Cepartment of Clinical Psychology. Usually no more than 3 days elapsed between the administration of these two tests. The two forms of the 16 P. F. were alternated so that one half of the sample...
An attempt was made to replicate second-order personality factors reported by Cattell. Through factor analysis 6 orthogonal, second-order personality factors were found. The differences in the nature and number of second-order factors are explained by methodological differences, by the varying degree of simple structure actually attained, and by differences in age, status, and sex as well as personality characteristics.
The body-build stereotypes of 185 Mexican children (150 males, 35 females, Mage = 12.6 yr., SDage = 2.1 yr.) were assessed through the use of a 56-item Verbal Check List containing words or phrases pertaining to physical, social, and personal dimensions of psychosocial experience. Similar to American samples, significant proportions of the Mexican children made negative Endomorph and Ectomorph attributions, and positive Mesomorph attributions. Despite these general similarities, some evidence was found which indicated that these evaluative distinctions were less marked in the Mexican sample. The need for future research on body-build stereotypes is noted and suggestions for such research are made.
College students ( N = 182) were Ss in a study assessing the comparability of body build stereotypes as depicted through the use of various response formats. Stereotypes toward Endomorph and Mesomorph body types, respectively, were derived through responses to: (1) a traditional, forced-choice format; (2) a dimensionalized, bipolar item format requiring placement of 10 Endomorphs and 10 Mesomorphs, respectively, along each of 10 nine-point dimensions; (3) a format identical to Number 2 except in the requirement of only one Endomorph or Mesomorph attribution per dimension; and (4) a format requiring the estimation of the percentage of time an Endomorph and a Mesomorph, respectively, manifested the item-characteristic. Results indicated that although mean responses derived from the latter three methods were consistent in direction with corresponding forced-choice, frequency data, the intradimensional separation of most of these means was not markedly disparate; moreover, correlations between forced-choice responses and any and all of the latter methods were markedly low, although correlations among these latter methods were moderate. It was concluded that inferences drawn about the structure of body build stereotypes, based on data derived from forced-choice formats, were not supported by the data provided with the latter three formats. Implications for other stereotype research were discussed.
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