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Background The neuropeptide, oxytocin, has been reported to block tolerance formation to alcohol and decrease withdrawal symptoms in alcohol-dependent rodents. Numerous recent studies in human subjects indicate that oxytocin administered by the intranasal route penetrates into and exerts effects within the brain. Methods In a randomized, double-blind clinical trial, intranasal oxytocin (24 IU/dose, N=7)) or placebo (N=4) was given BID for 3 days in alcohol dependent subjects admitted to a research unit for medical detoxification using Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol (CIWA) score-driven PRN administration of lorazepam. Subjects rated themselves on the Alcohol Withdrawal Symptom Checklist (AWSC) each time CIWA scores were obtained. Subjects also completed the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS), an Alcohol Craving Visual Analog Scale (ACVAS) and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) on inpatient days 2 and 3. Results All subjects had drunk heavily each day for at least 2 weeks prior to study and had previously experienced withdrawal upon stopping/decreasing alcohol consumption. Oxytocin was superior to placebo in reducing alcohol withdrawal as evidenced by: less total lorazepam required to complete detoxification (3.4 mg [4.7, SD] vs. 16.5 [4.4], p=.0015), lower mean CIWA scores on admission day 1 (4.3 [2.3] vs. 11.8 [0.4], p<.0001) and day 2 (3.4 [2.2] vs. 11.1 [3.6], p<.002), lower AWSC scores on days 1 and 2 (p<.02; p=.07), lower ACVAS ratings (p=.01) and lower POMS Tension/Anxiety subscale scores on day 2 (p<.01). Conclusions This is the first demonstration that oxytocin treatment may block alcohol withdrawal in human subjects. Our results are consistent with previous findings in rodents that oxytocin inhibits neuroadaptation to and withdrawal from alcohol. Oxytocin could have advantages over benzodiazepines in managing alcohol withdrawal because it may reverse rather than maintain sedative-hypnotic tolerance. It will be important to test whether oxytocin treatment is effective in reducing drinking in alcohol dependent outpatients.

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The present study evaluated the psychometric properties of a role-play measure of empathy, the Performance of Empathic Expression Rating Scale (PEERS), in a sample of 60 individuals with schizophrenia and 51 healthy controls. The role-play ratings assess a person's ability to interact empathically with a confederate in an emotionally charged situation. The PEERS demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and inter-rater reliability. Construct validity was assessed through analyses of variance to examine differences between patients and controls. Patients performed significantly worse than controls, but most of these differences were explained by social skill ability. Convergent validity analyses indicated that the PEERS is related to some aspects of a self-report measure of empathy and a theory of mind task. The PEERS also demonstrated acceptable discriminant validity. Implications for the future use of this measure will be discussed.

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