No abstract

Theophylline improved airway injury as well as airway hyperreactivity induced by repetitive exposure of the guinea pigs to LPS. These results suggest that theophylline treatment has ameliorative effects on airway disease with chronic inflammation.

We previously reported that exposure to α-glycosyl isoquercitrin (AGIQ) from the fetal stage to adulthood facilitated fear extinction learning in rats. The present study investigated the specific AGIQ exposure period sufficient for inducing this behavioral effect. Rats were dietarily exposed to 0.5% AGIQ from the postweaning stage to adulthood (PW-AGIQ), the fetal stage to postweaning stage (DEV-AGIQ), or the fetal stage to adulthood (WP-AGIQ). Fear memory, anxiety-like behavior, and object recognition memory were assessed during adulthood. Fear extinction learning was exclusively facilitated in the WP-AGIQ rats. Synaptic plasticity-related genes showed a similar pattern of constitutive expression changes in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and prelimbic medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) between the DEV-AGIQ and WP-AGIQ rats. However, WP-AGIQ rats revealed more genes constitutively upregulated in the infralimbic mPFC and amygdala than DEV-AGIQ rats, as well as FOS-immunoreactive (+) neurons constitutively increased in the infralimbic cortex. Ninety minutes after the last fear extinction trial, many synaptic plasticity-related genes (encoding Ephs/Ephrins, glutamate receptors/transporters, and immediate-early gene proteins and their regulator, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 [ERK2]) were upregulated in the dentate gyrus and amygdala in WP-AGIQ rats. Additionally, WP-AGIQ rats exhibited increased phosphorylated ERK1/2 + neurons in both the prelimbic and infralimbic cortices. These results suggest that AGIQ exposure from the fetal stage to adulthood is necessary for facilitating fear extinction learning. Furthermore, constitutive and learning-dependent upregulation of synaptic plasticity-related genes/molecules may be differentially involved in brain regions that regulate fear memory. Thus, new learning-related neural circuits for facilitating fear extinction can be established in the mPFC.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract