A 28-day repeated oral dose toxicity study of enniatin complex in mice

Okano, Hiromu; Okamura, Tomio; Takahashi, Yasunori; Takashima, Kazumi; Ojiro, Ryota; Tang, Qian; Jin, Minghua; Kikuchi, Shunsuke; Ogawa, Bunichiro; Yoshida, Toshinori; Yoshinari, Tomoya; Shibutani, Makoto

doi:10.2131/jts.46.157

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…These NOAELs were derived specifically for the histomorphometrical effects on thymus, uterus and spleen (females) and enterocyte vacuolization in duodenum (males) and increased reactive oxygen species and reduced glutathione brain levels (males), respectively. However, in the latter study by Okano et al [ 77 ], no adverse effects regarding alterations in haematology, blood biochemistry or histopathology were observed at the end of the study. Maranghi et al [ 78 ] also derived a NOAEL for beauvericin of 1 mg/kg bw/d (females) for increased thyroid pycnotic nuclei and endometrial hyperplasia and of 0.1 mg/kg bw/d (males) for reduced colloid and altered T4 serum levels.…”

Section: Appendix A1 Kidneymentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Adverse effects that are reported in the product information sheet include dysgeusia, conjunctival congestion, cough and sneezing, dryness of the nose and throat, and nausea [ 76 ]. Since the latest EFSA Scientific Opinion on both compounds, two repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity studies were identified for enniatins [ 77 , 78 ]. In the studies, NOAELs of 0.18 mg/kg bw/d, 1.8 mg/kg bw/d and 20 mg/kg bw/d were derived.…”

Section: Appendix A1 Kidneymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Combined Exposure to Multiple Mycotoxins: An Example of Using a Tiered Approach in a Mixture Risk Assessment

Brand

Bokkers

Biesebeek

et al. 2022

Toxins

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Humans are exposed to mycotoxins on a regular basis. Exposure to a mixture of mycotoxins may, therefore, result in a combination of adverse effects, or trigger the same effects. This should be accounted for when assessing the combined risk of multiple mycotoxins. Here, we show the outcome of using different approaches in assessing the risks related to the combined exposure to mycotoxins. We performed a tiered approach using assessment groups with a common target organ (kidney, liver and haematologic system), or a common adverse effect (phenomenon) (reduced white blood cell count), to combine the exposure to mycotoxins. The combined exposure was calculated for the individuals in this assessment, using the Monte Carlo Risk Assessment (MCRA) tool. The risk related to this combined exposure was assessed using toxicological reference values, e.g., health based guidance values. We show that estimating the combined risk by adding the single compounds’ risk distributions slightly overestimates the combined risk in the 95th percentile, as compared to combining the exposures at an individual level. We also show that relative potency factors can be used to refine the mixture risk assessment, as compared to ratios of toxicological reference values with different effect sizes and assessment factors.

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Section: Appendix A1 Kidneymentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Appendix A1 Kidneymentioning

confidence: 99%