The understanding of the interaction of nanomaterials with relevant biological targets e.g., proteins is of paramount importance in biological and pharmaceutical fields of research. In a biological fluid, proteins can associate with nanomaterials which can subsequently exert a significant impact on the conformation and functionality of the protein. Here we report the binding interaction of a model plasma protein Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) with a magnetic nanoparticle of mixed spinel origin (Ni(0.5)Zn(0.5)Fe(2)O(4), abbreviated as NZFO from now and onwards). The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔS and ΔG) for the protein-nanoparticle binding interaction have been evaluated from the van't Hoff equation to unveil that the binding interaction is enthalpically as well as entropically driven (ΔH < 0 and ΔS > 0), with an overall favorable Gibbs free energy change (ΔG < 0). Also the thermodynamic parameters delineate the predominant role of electrostatic interaction in the BSA-NZFO binding process. The results of temperature dependent fluorescence quenching and time-resolved fluorescence decay measurements indicate a static quenching mechanism in the present case. Steady-state absorption, synchronous fluorescence, three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopic techniques have been employed to unveil the conformational changes in BSA induced by the binding of NZFO. Disruption of the native conformation of the protein upon binding with NZFO is reflected through a reduced functionality (in terms of esterase activity) of the protein-NZFO conjugate system in comparison to the native protein. Based on the experimental findings the probable binding location of NZFO is argued to be the hydrophilic domain IB. This seems physically realizable since domain I of BSA is characterized by a net negative charge and hence can serve as a favorable binding site for NZFO carrying a positive surface charge. The key role of electrostatic forces in the BSA-NZFO interaction process is further substantiated from chemical denaturation study and measurement of the effect of ionic strength on the interaction process.
The magnetic properties of copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles prepared via sol-gel auto combustion and facile solvothermal method are studied focusing on the effect of nanoparticle arrangement. Randomly oriented CuFe2O4 nanoparticles (NP) are obtained from the sol-gel auto combustion method, while the solvothermal method allows us to prepare iso-oriented uniform spherical ensembles of CuFe2O4 nanoparticles (NS). X-ray diffractometry (XRD), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), infra-red (IR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), (57)Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) are used to investigate the composition, microstructure and magnetic properties of as-prepared ferrite nanoparticles. The field-dependent magnetization measurement for the NS sample at low temperature exhibits a step-like rectangular hysteresis loop (M(R)/M(S) ~ 1), suggesting cubic anisotropy in the system, whereas for the NP sample, typical features of uniaxial anisotropy (M(R)/M(S) ~ 0.5) are observed. The coercive field (HC) for the NS sample shows anomalous temperature dependence, which is correlated with the variation of effective anisotropy (K(E)) of the system. A high-temperature enhancement of H(C) and K(E) for the NS sample coincides with a strong spin-orbit coupling in the sample as evidenced by significant modification of Cu/Fe-O bond distances. The spherical arrangement of nanocrystals at mesoscopic scale provokes a high degree of alignment of the magnetic easy axis along the applied field leading to a step-like rectangular hysteresis loop. A detailed study on the temperature dependence of magnetic anisotropy of the system is carried out, emphasizing the influence of the formation of spherical iso-oriented assemblies.
Objective: The objective of the present study was to develop novel PMV [poly (methacrylic acidco-vinyl triethoxylsilane)]-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) with improved hypoglycemic effect for oral insulin (INS) delivery. Methods: MSN was synthesized under acidic condition using Pluronic Õ P 123 and Tetra ethoxy orthosilane. Surfactant was removed by calcination. Calcined MSN was coated with pH sensitive polymer PMV. Cytotoxicity of this coated MSN was evaluated by MTT assay using CHO-K1 cell line. Different MSN samples were characterized with BET surface area analyzer, FESEM, TEM, FT-IR, XRD, TG-DTA. In vivo study was performed using male rats. Pharmacokinetic study was conducted using HPLC. Results and discussion: Highest surface area (304.3921 m 2 /g) was observed in case of calcined sample. Adsorption pore width of final coated sample was highest (64.7844 nm) compared with others. No noticeable cytotoxicity was observed for this coated support. The entrapment efficiency of insulin was found to be 39.39%. In vitro studies were done at different pH using Franz-diffusion cell. Results showed significant release at pH 7.4. Cumulative drug release over a period of 6 h was more than 48% at this systemic pH. Effect of this MSN-PMV-INS on blood glucose level was retained for 16 h. This novel formulation has shown 73.10% relative bioavailability of insulin. Conclusion: A novel-coated mesoporous silica support was successfully developed for delivery of insulin through oral route.
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