No abstract

This study reviews the literature available on contents, form, and effectiveness of group‐based programs for combined financial education and counseling aimed specifically at populations at risk for financial difficulties. Despite the widespread application of these programs, relatively little is known about their effectiveness. In general, evidence points to positive effects of several programs on knowledge, confidence, and (intended) behavior, but the exact mechanisms through which this is achieved remain unclear. The topics covered differ among studies, but common themes can be identified. It appears of importance to combine education with practical exercises allowing participants to apply the skills they learn. Motivating clients is another important recurring theme. Working in groups provides an added benefit through recognition and peer support. It is important that future research focuses on the mechanisms of change and on long‐term effects, since these remain largely unknown in the current body of literature.

This follow-up study of 80 Romanian children showed that 16 (20%) of the children exhibited posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The same children got scores in the clinical range on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). These PTSD children could be differentiated from the remaining children by psychosocial but not by physical health variables. Children showing characteristics of PTSD stood out from the other subjects because of their scores on the Externalization dimension and excessive attention-seeking on the CBCL. The findings indicated that these Romanian adoptees exhibited survivor behavior. A substantial number of these adopted children require aftercare by adoption specialists from the time they arrive in Dutch families. It seems plausible that the high incidence of PTSD characteristics was related to extreme physical and social neglect occurring in the orphanages.

No abstract

No abstract