The article deals with nanopharmacy, a new medical discipline that combines chemistry, physics and engineering to develop nanoscale systems used in diagnosis and therapy. The use of nanoparticles for the development of new nanodrugs requires a deep understanding not only of the properties of nanomaterials, but also of the pathophysiology of diseases. Nanopharmacy help solve complex problems associated with improving the effectiveness of existing therapeutic agents and the use of nanomaterials in the manufacture of nanodrugs.
The review investigates the latest developments in the field of application of nanotechnologies in the transportation of therapeutic agents, features and the advantages of using nanoscale drug delivery systems for the treatment of diseases, as well as further prospects of using this field in medicine. Modern drug delivery systems are characterized by target orientation, rapid response to the environment and the use of biocompatible and biodegradable nanomaterials which allow for the development of the next generation of more effective drugs. Interdisciplinary research in this fast-growing field provides opportunities to design and develop multifunctional devices that can accurately target and successfully administer the release and distribution of active ingredients in the body.
Білан Ольга Анатоліївна старший викладач кафедри фармацевтичної і біологічної хімії ПВНЗ «Київський медичний університет» ORCID ID: 0000-0001-5103-1016 Новикова Лариса Георгіївна старший викладач кафедри фармакології, клінічної фармакології, патофізіології ПВНЗ «Київський медичний університет» ORCID ID: 0000-0001-7744-5874 Марченко-Толста Катерина Сергіївна асистент кафедри фармакології, клінічної фармакології, патофізіології ПВНЗ «Київський медичний університет» УКРАЇНА Анотація. Сьогодні спостерігаються зміни в галузі медичної освіти, пов'язані із застосуванням електронного навчання. Відомі методології саморегульованого і самокерованого навчання застосовуються у віртуальному середовищі, що призводить до змін педагогічних стратегій у викладанні дисциплін медичного профілю. В статті розглядаються питання адаптації студентів медиків до електронного навчання і завдання викладачів для покращення навчального середовища.
The article examines the factors that affect the success of university remote teachers in a pandemic environment, the importance of maintaining the work motivation of teachers to ensure high performance e-learning, and the need for joint efforts by teachers and university administration to prevent professional burnout and maintain a sense of belonging to the team.
According to population-based studies, the global prevalence of RA between 1980 and 2019 was 460 per 100,000 population. Trend analysis showed that RA was observed more in developed countries than developing countries (Almutairi, 2020, pp. 863-877). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the symptomatic treatment options for RA. However, these medications are known to have multiple adverse effects including nephrotoxicity, gastrointestinal bleeding and ulceration, increasing blood pressure and the risk of first hospitalization due to congestive heart failure. Conventional disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are usually the first choice to diminish disability and improve long-term outcomes for people with RA. Biologics are much more costly than other subsets of DMARDs, they are commonly used as partial responders to traditional DMARDs. Although the combination of biologics and traditional DMARDs has demonstrated improved efficacy, the potential benefits and harms (such as cancer and infections) are still controversial. However, in spite of applying aggressive pharmacologic treatment regimens early in disease onset, complete clinical remission is not achieved (Guo et al., 2018, p.15). Although biological medications seem to effectively target molecular pathways involved in the inflammatory process of RA, there is a lack of long-term safety data regarding their use. Various investigations have demonstrated an increased prevalence in the use of herbal medicine in developing countries. Interestingly, a rise in the prevalence of herbs used as complementary and alternative medicine among chronic disease patients has been reported in recent years. The anti-inflammatory properties of some herbal products are well-known and they have fewer unwanted effects than existing anti-inflammatory medications. As such, herbs and their derivatives constitute a promising arena in novel medical therapies. Furthermore, the cost-effectiveness of natural products has been explored and summarized by high quality studies. Certain phytochemicals are considered to inhibit the release of inflammatory molecules to suppress inflammatory responses (Gandhi et al., 2022, pp.1-15). is the precursor of ellagitannin and has been reported to be the most active polyphenol obtained from different parts of the pomegranate tree (Punica granatum Linn.). Methanolic (and ethanolic) pomegranate peels extract contains a high amount of bioactive compounds including punicalagin (10-50 mg∕g) ( Xu et al., 2021, pp.1-12). Historically, seeds and juices are believed to have been taken as supplements to reduce the clinical symptoms of RA (Singh, Singh, & Mahajan, 2020, pp. 1306-1327). Marques and coauthors (2016) have already revealed that Punicalagin diminished TNF α and interleukin (IL) 6 secretion in macrophages and primary human chondrocytes with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflamed RAW264.7. (Marques et al., 2016, pp- 463-1467). Anthocyanins have been shown to represent potent anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-obesity and immunomodulatory activity. (Salehi et al., 2020, pp.1-20). Min and coauthors (2015) reported inhibitory effect of ACNs on osteoclasts via the downregulation of cytokines including IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α in vitro. the study showed EA reduced cartilage destruction, synovial hyperplasia and bone erosion generated by Freund’s adjuvant. Significant suppression of caspase-3 expression in models treated with EA testifies to the anti-apoptotic property of this biologic compound (Fikry, Gad, & Eid, 2019, pp. 878–886).
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