Excessive use of pesticides confers several ecological and environmental consequences. In this research, we evaluated arthropod occurrence on shallot crops in Palu Valley, Central Sulawesi as an impact of pesticide application in different frequencies. Almost all farmers used synthetic pesticides for controlling pests and diseases where 46.7%, 43.3%, 10.0% of them applied in high, moderate, and low frequency, respectively. By comparing to the last application, the first reduced arthropod diversity index, evenness index, and abundance by 13.8%, 6.7%, and 70.6%, while the second by 7.3%, 2.3%, and 33.5%, respectively. Analysis of the dynamic abundance of pests and natural enemies in seven weeks observation indicated that the pests abundance at low and moderate levels was no different. Whereas predator abundance at low frequency was significantly different with moderate and high rate and between the last two not distinct and the presence of parasitoids was not observed at all, it means the natural enemies were susceptible to pesticides. These data showed the negative impact of pesticides application to arthropods including pests resistance and natural enemies lost; therefore it is necessary to minimize the use of pesticides and integrated pests.
Biodiversity is an important part of the agricultural ecosystem (agroecosystem) and diversity is determined by the environment and the application of pesticides in the field. Research on the diversity of arthropods in shallot cultivation with different intensities of pesticide application aims to determine the types and populations of arthropods in shallot cultivation on land with different intensities of pesticide application. The research was conducted in the village of Soulowe, which is the center of shallot plants in Sigi Regency, with a massive and intensive application of pesticides, from December 2019 to March 2020. Sampling was carried out using absolute methods (direct observation) and relative methods (Pitffal Traf and Jaring Ayun). The results of the identification carried out in the Unisa and Untad Palu laboratories found that the diversity of arthropods in low-intensity areas of pesticide application was more than that of medium and high applications. There are 7 orders and 13 families, namely Oxyopidae, Grillotalpidae (Ordo Araneae), Scarabaeidae, Coccinellidae (Order Coleoptera), Forficuloidea (Order Dermaptera), Agromyzidae, Muscidae (Order Diptera), Formicidae, Apidae (Order of Hymenoptera), Noctuidae (Order of Hymenoptera) and Acrididae, Gryllidae andTotigonidae (Order Orthoptera). The level of diversity, evenness and family wealth as well as the abundance of arthropod individuals were higher in land with low pesticide application intensity than medium and high pesticide application.
Pesticide is one of the most common methods of pests and diseases control applied in a developing country. Knowledge of pesticide management is significant for effective application. The purpose of the study is to determine the knowledge of farmers about pesticide management practices on shallot crops in Palu, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study was conducted from October 2017 to February 2018. This quantitative and survey research was used respondents of 30 farmers in two locations: Duyu and Bayaoge in Tatanga District, Palu, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Commonly, the respondents working on the shallot field. The data quantification using the ordinal scale, then univariate analysis for frequency distribution and bivariate analysis to determine the correlation of two variables. The results were showed there no significant effect between farmers’ knowledge about pesticides and the actions of farmers in the use of pesticides. Increasing knowledge about pesticides cannot be expected to change wise actions in using pesticides in pest control.
Small farmers typically produce shallot with a high frequency of pesticide application and its habit poses several ecological and environmental consequences. In this research, we evaluated the effect of pesticide application in different frequency (high, moderate and low) on shallot stomatal number and opening in Palu Valley, Central Sulawesi. By comparing in the low application, the moderate frequency with less than ten applications increased stomatal number about 1.9% and high rate with more than ten applications per two months of shallot plantation period augmented about 18.7%. While the length of stomatal opening increased about 18.2% with moderate and decreased about 32.6% with the high rate of application. Then, the width of the stomatal opening decreased about 0.6% and 17.5%, respectively. This data indicated that the application of pesticide, especially in high - frequency increase stomatal number and decrease stomatal opening area with potential for inhibiting shallot growth.
Onion farmers role in Sigi central Celebes as the main actor to maintain the natural resource is much determining the sustainability of future agriculture. Therefore, the farmer behavior on pest controlling is need to be improved and developed, also about the factors impacted. This study is aim to learn direct effect of locus of control and the manner towards onion farmer behavior on pest controlling in Sigi. To answer the purpose that has been told previously, we are going to do several step which is integrated to one another and systematic to gain the aim. This research is a kind of survey research and correlation ex-post facto. Respondents is the onion farmers in Sigi Biromaru as 200 farmers which obtain by proportional simple sampling principle. Primer data is obtained by several instrument such as; a). queisioner, b). test, c). observation, and d).in- depth interview. The first instrument used would be validity and reliability test. Description analysis is used to serve the data, size data, size central, and also dissemination size. Inferential analysis is used to examine the hypothesis with path analysis. The result of the study prove that farmer cognition about Integrated Pest Controlling (IPC) positively impact and significantly towards farmer behavior on pest controlling using IPC principle. Locus of control positively directly effect and significantly towards farmer behavior on pest controlling using IPC principle. Farmer cognition about integrated pest controlling and locus of control positively effect to farmer manner in Oloboju village. Farmer cognition about IPC, locus of control , and manner positively effect towards the farmer behavior on pest controlling. Farmer cognition and locus of control indirectly effect through farmer manner toward farmer behavior on IPC. This means the proliferation of farmer cognition about IPC and locus of control through farmer manner would triggered a change of farmer behavior on pest controlling and appropriate to IPC principle
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