The vegetative and mechanic methods are soil and water conservation technology to prevent surface run off and soil erosion as well as protect soil nutrient. The study objectives were to know silvicultural and economic aspects on combination of vegetatives between Falcataria moluccana (sengon) and Sorghum bicolor L. (sorghum) and terrace methods in a steep slope (>25-45%) and a very steep slope (>45%) lands. The silvicultural parameters measured were healthy plant, survival rate, stem diameter, and height increments of sengon trees and sorghum’ yield. The economic aspect was analyzed to calculate the cost, revenue, and profit of the application of sorghum as intercropping plants in vegetative method. The healthy plant of sengon and sorghum reached 80-89% (good), survival rate of sengon reached 80-89% (good) and sorghum reached 90% (very good), stem diameter and height increments of sengon trees reached 2.90 cm year−1 and 2.06 m year−1, and the height increment of sorghum was 45.55 cm month−1 in the steep slope (>25-45%). In the very steep slope (>45%), healty plant of sengon and sorghum were 70-79% (moderate) and 80-89% (good), survival rate of sengon and sorghum was 80-89% (good), stem diameter and height increments of sengon were 2.43 cm year-1 and 1.73 m year−1, and height increment of sorghum was 33.05 cm month−1. Total cost, total revenue, and profit of the vegetative (sengon and sorghum) and terrace methods combination in the steep slope (>25-45%) were Rp9,181,128.47 ha−1cs−1; Rp1,800,000.00 ha−1 cs−1; and (-)Rp7,181,128.47 ha−1cs−1, respectively. In the steeper ground (>45%), this application expended total cost as much as Rp9,181,128.47 ha−1cs−1, total revenue as much as Rp650,000.00 ha−1cs−1, and profit as much as (-)Rp8,531,128.47 ha−1cs−1. Although sorghum was not profitable economically as intercropping plant in agroforestry system (sengon-sorghum) in different slope lands for short term, the method combination between vegetative (sengon-sorghum) and terrace techniques could useful to soil and water conservation as well as environmental aspect for long term.
The mangrove forest ecosystem plays an absorbent and carbon sink to reduce CO2 levels in the atmosphere, including in degraded mangrove areas. This research was conducted precisely on abandoned shrimp ponds in mangrove areas in the Mahakam Delta. Four different locations are locating on Sepatin ponds, ponds, ponds, and ponds Bayur headland. The purpose of this study was to estimate the above-ground carbon stock in abandoned shrimp ponds. Carbon stock measurement methods create a 125 m transect and quadrant divided into six plots at each location. These measurements were conducted on living vegetation and dead wood from felling vegetation. Measurement of above-ground biomass was done by measuring the tree diameter at breast height (1.3 m) on each tree diameter> 5 cm in radius quadrant plot 7 m. Vegetation has a diameter <5 cm categorized in seedling criteria and measured 30 cm from the ground within the quadrant plot radius of 2 m. The vegetation diversity experienced a succession calculated using the diversity index by calculating the dominance index, diversity index, and similarity index of vegetation. While the calculation of above-ground biomass accumulation using allometric equations according to the species. The results showed that vegetation analysis in the fourth study sites obtained a high dominance index value at each location. The study is inversely proportional to the value of diversity and similarity index. The highest total carbon stock at Tanjung Nipah location was 11.599 Mg C. Ha -1, followed by Sepatin 6.248 Mg C. Ha -1, Benati Dalam 3.579 Mg C. Ha -1, and lowest carbon stock at Bayur location 1.460 Mg C. Ha -1.
The climate in Indonesia is a tropical climate with high rainfall, making Indonesia vulnerable to erosion. In addition to high rainfall, vegetation, slope and soil types also affect erosion. This study aims to determine the Important Value of Species (NPJ), the relationship between rainfall and surface runoff and the mass of eroded soil and the level of erosion hazard at different vegetation densities. Important Value The highest types of the three dominating types in plot I were Schima wallichii 115.12%, Macaranga gigantea 69.38% and Cratoxylum sumatranum 44.69%. Whereas in plot II the highest NPJ value of three types dominates, namely Macaranga gigantea 59.13%, Litsea angulata 39.52% and Aquilaria mallacensis 35.37%. The amount of eroded soil mass that occurred in PUE I was 0.13 tons / ha / year and PUE II was 0.19 tons / ha / year. Simple linear analysis of the relationship between rainfall and eroded soil mass at PUE I has a correlation value (r) = 0.79 with the equation Y = -8.34 + 0.39X, whereas in PUE II the correlation value (r) = 0.90 with the equation Y = -12.96 + 0.56X. The danger level of erosion (TBE) in PUE I and PUE II was very mild (erosion rate <15 tons / ha / year, Bahya Erosion I class with soil solum depth> 90 cm).
Numerous studies in the past have discovered a number of socio-economic factors affecting individual income, household income, or non farm income. However, there is still limited information concerning the comprehensive analysis of factors which influence non-paddy farm income in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of eight socio-economic factors to the non-paddy farm income of paddy households. This study was carried out in East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The study areas were located in the Kutai Kartanegara Regency (Tenggarong Seberang, Loa Janan, and Muara Muntai), Penajam Paser Utara Regency (Babulu, Penajam, and Waru), and Bontang City (South Bontang and North Bontang). This study collected the data by conducting in-depth interviews with respondents. This study used the regression equation to analyze the data statistically. Eight variables are an average age of laborers, average experience in non-paddy farm jobs, average working-days in non-paddy farm jobs, land ownership, number of family dependents, number of non-paddy farm jobs, number of non-paddy farm laborers, and paddy farm income become a set of factors affecting non-paddy farm income.
The degraded lands on sloping lands can be rehabilitated by implementing the two agroforestry systems of Falcataria moluccana (sengon)–Arachis hypogaea (groundnut) and Anthocephalus cadamba (jabon)–Glycine max (soybean). The aims of this research were to estimate the production cost, revenue, and profit of two agroforestry systems of sengon – groundnut and jabon – soybean, analyze their financial feasibility, and and select one of two agroforestry systems for the rehabilitation of the sloping lands. This research calculated the production cost, revenue, profit, Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (Net B/C Ratio), and Internal Rate of Returns (IRR). The application of agroforestry system of sengon–groundnut needs production cost and produces revenue and profit also has the NPV and Net B/C Ratio values bigger rather than that of jabon-soybean. Two agroforestry systems of sengon-groundnut and jabon-soybean are feasible to be implemented for rehabilitation the degraded lands on sloping lands. From an economic perspective, the application of the agroforestry system of sengon-groundnut is better compared with that of jabon-soybean to rehabilitate the degraded lands on the sloping lands, and this recommendation is further supported by the hydro-orological and silvicultural aspects.
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