There is growing awareness and concern on microplastics pollution in marine environments. Seagrasses are among the most productive shallow water ecosystems, serving a diverse assemblage of fish and invertebrates. Sediment and benthic animal samples collected from small islands at Spermonde archipelago confirmed the presence of microplastics with different levels of contamination. The occurrence of microplastics for up to 28.29% and 25% of contamination level in sediments and benthic animals, respectively, clearly indicated an alarming state of the microplastics pollution in rich and productive shallow water seagrass ecosystem of tropical seas. Moreover, all positively contaminated microplastics of benthic animals are for human consumption and therefore pose threats for microplastics transfers which may facilitate pathways for a wide spectrum of organic pollutants entering the food web and affecting human health.
One of the greenhouse gases, which is the cause of climate change and global warming is methane gas (CH4). One of the most significant sources of methane that contributes to emissions globally is landfills (anthropogenic sources). Methane emissions from waste are the result of the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in waste. The more garbage in the landfill without further treatment can lead to greater methane emissions. The site of this study was a municipal solid waste in Makassar city, named Tamangapa landfill, ±15 km from downtown Makassar city. The objectives of this study are to estimate methane emissions in the Tamangapa landfill and estimate methane emissions from the Tamangapa landfill over the next ten years using the 2006 IPCC Waste Model. The results showed that the waste generation in Makassar City, in 2016, was 0.449 kg/person/day with the composition of waste dominated by organic waste. The value of potential methane emissions at TPA Tamangapa Makassar in 2016 is 2.24 Gg/year and the projection in 2026 is 4.968 Gg/year. The mitigation and adaptation efforts that can be recommended are the socialization of 3R techniques (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) and construct a sanitary landfill in Makassar city following the mandate of Law No. 18 of 2008.
Microplastic pollution is so widespread and rising a great concern all over the globe. The seagrass ecosystem is commonly known to play significant roles in biodiversity support. The occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in sediments, surface water, fish, and benthos collected from the seagrass ecosystem at Kodingareng Lompo island of Makassar City were observed. From 29 sediment samples collected the range of MPs abundance was 2.96-28.3 item.kg−1 dried sediment. Meanwhile, MPs abundance in surface water was 0.023 item.m−3, exceptionally lower compared to the sediment value. Of 4 fish species observed, Siganus canaliculatus was the species with the highest number of ingested MPs. On the other hand, sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla ingested more MPs compared to other benthos species. There was no consistent MPs abundance in sediments found at present studies. Similarly, there were no statistically significant differences seen on MPs abundance within all components examined using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis. However, the presence of MPs in all components observed has clearly shown a wide dispersion of MPs contamination in the marine food web, as seagrass is a well-known productive ecosystem with high marine biodiversity assemblage in the tropical region.
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