ResumoA funcionalidade dos alimentos nutracêuticos é atribuída aos seus compostos bioativos. Estes compostos são amplamente produzidos pelos vegetais, tais como os compostos fenólicos, que possuem atividade antioxidante e/ou atividade antimicrobiana entre outras, agindo contra danos em macromoléculas como lipídeos, proteínas e ácidos nucléicos. Os metabólitos secundários das plantas, incluindo algumas classes como compostos fenólicos, alcaloides e terpenóides, possuem uma ampla variedade de atividades biológicas com potencial medicinal. Esses metabólitos secundários são considerados compostos bioativos. A família Zingiberaceae tem recebido atenção especial, por produzir muitos compostos bioativos que são úteis em alimentos como ervas e especiarias; aromatizantes e temperos; nas indústrias farmacêutica e cosmética como agentes antioxidantes e antimicrobianos. Os gengibres são reconhecidos como seguros pela American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) e não possuem efeitos colaterais quando consumidos em quantidades moderadas. Estudos recentes demonstram que além dos rizomas, as folhas e flores de algumas espécies de gengibres possuem atividade antioxidante e consequentemente um potencial medicinal. Estudos demonstram que são necessárias pesquisas in vitro e in vivo para avaliar a eficácia dos extratos do gengibre e compreender o seu papel na modulação das vias biológicas e moleculares, possibilitando assim, novas estratégias terapêuticas. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo, uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a atividade antimicrobiana de Zingiber officinale Roscoe e Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum. (Zingiberaceae), conhecidos popularmente como gengibre e gengibre-vermelho respectivamente e seu uso na Saúde Única.

CLAZER, M.; RODRIGUES, G. V.; ARAÚJO, L.; LOPES, K. F. C.; ZANIOLO, M. M.; GERBASI, A. R. V.; GONÇAL-VES, D. D. Leptospirose e seu aspecto ocupacional -revisão de literatura. Arq. Ciênc. Vet. Zool. UNIPAR, Umuarama, v. 18, n. 3, p. 191-198, jul./set. 2015. RESUMO:A leptospirose é uma das zoonoses mais difundidas do mundo, no Brasil a doença é endêmica em todas as unidades da federação e epidêmica, principalmente, em períodos chuvosos. Sua ocorrência está relacionada às precárias condições de infraestrutura sanitária e alta infestação de roedores infectados. As inundações propiciam a disseminação do agente causal no ambiente, facilitando a eclosão de surtos. Nesta revisão de literatura objetivou-se mostrar o âmbito profissional/ocupacional que é de grande relevância para a saúde pública, atingindo diferentes categorias profissionais como agricultores, pecuaristas, biólogos, trabalhadores de arrozais, trabalhadores de saneamento ambiental, médicos veterinários, técnicos de laboratório, manipuladores de produtos de origem animal entre outras. Neste contexto, a leptospirose firma-se como uma doença de grande importância social e econômica, por apresentar elevada ocorrência, em determinadas áreas, alto custo hospitalar para o tratamento e ausência ao trabalho, como também por sua mortalidade Desta forma, faz necessária a intervenção dos gestores de saúde para redução dos índices desta enfermidade. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Lepstospira spp. Ocupação. Roedores. Trabalhadores. Zoonose. LEPTOSPIROSIS AND ITS OCCUPATIONAL ASPECT -LITERATURE REVIEWABSTRACT: Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonoses in the world. In Brazil, the disease is endemic in all Brazilian states and epidemic especially in the rainy periods, whose proliferation becomes favorable as a consequence of some environmental factors. Its occurrence is related to the poor sanitary infrastructure conditions and high infestation of infected rodents. Floods favor the spread of the causal agent in the environment, facilitating the emergence of outbreaks. This literature review aimed at showing the professional/occupational area that is of greatest importance to public health, affecting different professional categories such as farmers, ranchers, biologists, rice picking workers, environmental sanitation workers, veterinarians, laboratory technicians, handlers of animal products, among others. In this context, leptospirosis is considered a disease of great social and economic importance, due to its high incidence in certain areas, high hospital costs and loss of working days, as well as its lethality. Thus, the intervention of health managers is necessary to reduce the rates of this disease. KEYWORDS: Lepstospira spp. Occupation. Rodents. Workers. Zoonosis. LEPTOSPIROSIS Y SU ASPECTO LABORAL -REVISIÓN DE LITERATURARESUMEN: La leptospirosis es una de las zoonosis más extendidas en el mundo, en Brasil la enfermedad es endémica en todos los estados brasileños y epidémica, especialmente en períodos de lluvia. Su aparición está relacionada a las precarias condiciones...

Bacterial resistance is a primary public health concern worldwide. Within this context, pets and breeding animals act as reservoirs for multidrug-resistant bacteria (MR), such as those producing extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) and those presenting plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). The aim of this study was to detect the presence of ESBL and PMQR in members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, isolated from healthy sheep and dogs from non-intense farming rural properties in the Umuarama region of Paraná, Brazil. A total of 81 oral and rectal swabs from dogs and sheep from 11 small rural properties were analyzed. These swabs were inoculated in tubes containing brain heart infusion broth (BHI), and the resulting cultures were inoculated on MacConkey agar (MAC) supplemented with 10 μg/mL cefotaxime for the selection of ESBL producers. The cells were also plated on MAC supplemented with 50 μg/mL nalidixic acid for selecting quinolone-resistant enterobacteria. The bacterial isolates were subjected to biochemical identification tests, antibiograms, double-disk synergic tests, and polymerase chain reaction analysis for resistance-inducing genes (bla ESBL , qnr, and genes encoding efflux pump and acetylases). Four (5.00%) bacterial isolates (3 Escherichia coli and 1 Morganella morganii) resistant to cephalosporins and/or quinolones were identified; of these, three (75%) isolates were from sheep and one (25%) from a dog. These findings indicate the presence of MR bacteria in the normal microbiota of the animals studied. Animals colonized with such bacteria can ResumoResistência bacteriana é considerado o maior problema de saúde pública mundial da atualidade, sendo os relatos de infecções e surtos causados por bactérias multirresistentes cada vez mais frequentes na clínica veterinária e humana. Neste contexto, animais de companhia e criação podem atuar como reservatório de bactérias multirresistentes, como as produtoras de beta-lactamases de espectro estendido (ESBL) e as que apresentam resistência as quinolonas mediada por plasmídeos (PMQR). O objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar beta-lactamases de espectro estendido e resistência as quinolonas mediada por plasmídeos em membros da família Enterobacteriaceae isolados de ovinos e cães de propriedades rurais não tecnificadas da região de Umuarama, Paraná, Brasil. Foram analisados 81 swabs de cães e ovinos provenientes de 11 pequenas propriedades rurais da região de Umuarama (PR). Os swabs foram inoculados em caldo Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) e o crescimento obtivo foi em seguida semeado em placas de Petri contendo ágar MacConkey (MC) acrescido de cefotaxima 10 μg/mL para seleção de bactérias gram-negativas produtoras de ESBL; e placas contendo MC acrescido de ácido nalidíxico 50 g/mL para seleção de bactérias gram-negativas resistentes as quinolonas. Os isolados bacterianos obtidos foram submetidos a testes de antibiograma pelo método de disco-difusão em ágar, teste sinérgico do duplo-disco e reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para genes que confe...

The presence of DNA and anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies in the serum of 112 healthy horses was investigated by evaluating the physical examination, from a rural society located in the north central region of Paraná. The antigens of Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania braziliensis, and Leishmania infantum were used to perform the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, where it was possible to detect the reaction in 27.67% of the samples. These were also subjected to the real-time quantitative PCR, which confirmed the presence of Leishmania spp. DNA in 67.34% of the tested samples. The results show that the tested animals were previously exposed to the protozoan. Thus, these animals can be considered environmental bioindicators of the presence of Leishmania spp. at the study site. The material used in this study (serum), although not ideal, proved to be effective and less invasive. Taking into account the importance of the disease, the absence of more in-depth information on the species, the high zootechnical value of these animals, and their strictly close contact with the urban area and the human species, it is essential that further studies are carried out to elucidate the epidemiological profile of them in the face of the disease, as well as the possibility of them acting not only as hosts but also as reservoirs.

Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum is transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies and a major zoonotic disease in Brazil. Due to the southward expansion of the disease within the country and the central role of dogs as urban reservoirs of the parasite, we have investigated the occurrence of CVL in two municipalities Erval Velho and Herval d’Oeste in the Midwest region of Santa Catarina state. Peripheral blood samples from 126 dogs were collected in both cities and tested for anti-L. infantum antibodies by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence reaction (IIF) and for the presence of parasite DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in peripheral blood. From examined dogs, 35.71% (45/126) were positive for at least one of the three tests and two (1.6%) were positive in all performed tests. Twelve dogs (9.5%) were positive for both ELISA and IIF, while 21 dogs were exclusively positive for ELISA (16.7%), and 15 (11.9%) for IIF. L. infantum k-DNA was detected by PCR in 9 out of 126 dogs (7.1%) and clinical symptoms compatible with CVL were observed for 6 dogs. Taken together, these results indicate the transmission of CVL in this region, highlighting the needs for epidemiological surveillance and implementation of control measures for CVL transmission in this region.

Background: The indiscriminate use of antibiotics both in humans and in animals, has contributed to the development of bacterial resistance. One of the key mechanisms in the resistance of enterobacteria to antibiotics is the production of extendedspectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), which reduce the therapeutic options available. Several studies have been performed in different animal species in order to isolate and identify multidrug-resistant strains and determine their antibiotic sensitivity profile. The purpose of this study was to detect ESBL-producing enterobacteria in isolates from a pet blue-fronted amazon parrot.Case: A 16-year-old pet blue-fronted-amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) weighing 0.445 kg, from the city of Presidente Castelo Branco, Paraná, Brazil, was admitted into a specialized veterinary clinic in the city of Maringá. This parrot was presented with agitation and aggressive behavior. It was fed with sunflower seeds, and its cage was small and unsanitary especially in the feeding and drinking areas, which were heavily contaminated with feces. The parrot had been diagnosed with acute sinusitis approximately one year prior, with a history of treatment with tylosin, thuya (a herbal remedy popularly used for fowl pox), and a mineral-vitamin complex. The clinical symptoms included dyspnea and bilateral increase of facial swelling, with a mass in the peri-nasal region. A membranous red tissue not related to the nictitating membrane was observed in the lower left eyelid. To obtain a better clinical evaluation, the bird was anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of dextroketamine 50 mg/kg (KetaminS+™). Subsequently, physical examination, head radiographic examinations, and an attempt at sinus draining were performed. The radiographic examinations showed a decreased amount of air in the nasal sinuses. For treatment, oral itraconazole and vitamin A were prescribed, and a dietary improvement, prioritizing the offering of fruits and industrialized food for parrots was proposed. Samples were collected from the cloaca and choanae by making rotating movements with compressed sterile swabs in the corresponding locations. All samples were kept in Amies transport media with activated coal and forwarded under refrigeration to the Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health in the Post-Graduation Program in Animal Sciences with Emphasis in Bioactive Products at Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR).Discussion: The samples were subjected to phenotypic antimicrobial sensitivity tests and phenotypic testing for detecting ESBL-producing strains. Escherichia coli was identified and isolated from the cloacal sample. Phenotypic tests for antimicrobial sensitivity, detected resistance to the following antimicrobials: ceftriaxone, ceftiofur, cefotaxime, cefepime, ampicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin + clavulanate, and tetracycline. The phenotypic test for detecting ESBL-producing strains was positive. The findings in this study had no relation with the clinical symptoms presented by the parrot. However, in the samples collected, it was possible to detect the presence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli, indicating that this parrot had strains in its cloacal microbiota that were either multidrug-resistant or at a subclinical stage of an infection. This knowledge is important, since the presence of this bacteria in a pet represents an important factor in the dissemination of multidrug-resistant strains into the environment, as well as being a source of contamination for both humans and other animals.

Synanthropic rodents, present in both urban and rural areas, are responsible for the zoonotic transmission of several diseases to humans as well as for significant economic losses. They act as reservoirs for important viral diseases, bacterial diseases such as leptospirosis, and parasitic diseases such as toxoplasmosis and leishmaniasis. The aim of the present study was to assess the seropositivity of synanthropic rodents in Umuarama city, located in the northwestern region of Paraná State, Brazil, to agents causing leptospirosis and toxoplasmosis. The microscopic agglutination technique (MAT) was used to detect anti-Leptospira antibodies, and the indirect immunofluorescence reaction (IIFR) was used to detect anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies. Of 178 animals collected, four (2.24%) were seropositive for Leptospira spp. and ten (5.62%) for Toxoplasma gondii. Ninety-five (53.38%) of the collected animals were male and 83 (46.62%) were female, and two (1.23%) originated from urban areas while 176 (98.87%) originated from peri-urban areas. Serological results showed that the synanthropic rodents examined here had low seroreactivity for agents causing both leptospirosis and toxoplasmosis, in both urban and peri-urban regions of Umuarama city. This could be associated with the high Human Development Index for the study area. However, preventative measures must continue to be observed, as rodents are important reservoirs for, and disseminators of, disease causing agents. ResumoOs roedores sinantrópicos determinam grandes prejuízos econômicos, e são responsáveis pela transmissão de várias zoonoses ao homem tanto em áreas urbanas quanto nas rurais, atuando como reservatórios de importantes doenças que incluem a leptospirose, toxoplasmose, leishmaniose e algumas de etiologia viral. O presente trabalho investigou a sororeatividade para leptospirose e toxoplasmose em roedores sinantrópicos da cidade de Umuarama, cidade localizada na região noroeste do estado do Paraná, Brasil. A técnica Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM) foi utilizada para a detecção de anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp e a Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI) para a detecção de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii. Dos 178 animais examinados, quatro (2,24%) foram reagentes para Leptospira spp. e 10 (5,62%) para o Toxoplasma gondii. Destes animais, 95 (53,38%) eram machos e 83 (46,62%) fêmeas, dois (1,23%) eram provenientes da área urbana e 176 (98,87%) da área periurbana. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os roedores sinantrópicos examinados apresentaram baixa freqüência de sororeatividade para as duas zoonoses investigadas, tanto na região urbana como na periurbana da cidade de Umuarama, fato que pode estar associado ao alto Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano encontrado, contudo, as medidas preventivas devem ser mantidas, pois os roedores são importantes elos na cadeia epidemiológica das doenças analisadas.

The aim of this paper is to determine the prevalence of anti-HIV, anti-rubella antibodies, syphilis reagins and enteroparasitosis in pregnant women during their pre-natal monitoring at the Basic Health Units in the city of Umuarama (PR) and checking possible social-economic and behavioral associations. A cross-section study was performed in 690 pregnant women who went to have pre-natal checkup in the period from June 2012 to April 2014. From the 690 pregnant women analyzed, 78 presented enteroparasites, and from these, 69 were monoparasited and nine were polyparasited, nine presented antibodies against syphilis and two against HIV. None was reagent for IgM regarding rubella. The most prevalent parasite species was Endolimax nana 43/78 followed by Entamoeba coli 33/78 and Giardia duodenalis 05/78. Regarding the variables analyzed, the ones associated to enteroparasitary infections were water treated from public suppliers, fundamental level of schooling, sewage destination and public collection of garbage. For syphilis, the variables associated to infection were per capita income and age group. For HIV and rubella, no association among the variables was observed. The number of pregnant women infected in the present study was not considered high when compared to other studies.