Orthodontic treatment is a common dental procedure in developed countries. However, the frequency and factors associated with treatment demand are different between countries. The aim of this study was to examine the frequency of orthodontic treatment in German children and adolescents and to analyse the influence of age, gender, and socio-economic status (SES; education and region) on the frequency of treatment. Subjects in a random population sample of 1538 German children and adolescents, aged 11-14 years, were interviewed at home in the autumn of 2008 regarding current orthodontic treatment and associated factors. Approximately one-third (33.5 per cent) of the subjects interviewed were undergoing orthodontic treatment at that time. In a multivariable logistic regression model, the likelihood of receiving orthodontic treatment was higher for girls [odds ratio (OR) = 1.32, 95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 1.06-1.65], for high school pupils (OR = 1.19, 95 per cent CI: 1.06-1.34), and for children and adolescents living in the western part of Germany (OR = 1.45, 95 per cent CI: 1.00-2.08) and increased with age (OR = 1.13 per year, 95 per cent CI: 1.02-1.25). Subjects undergoing orthodontic treatment more often received prophylactic measures (OR = 2.06, 95 per cent CI: 1.63-2.59) compared with those not currently receiving orthodontic treatment. The frequency of orthodontic treatment in Germany largely depends on gender and SES.

Aim We aimed to investigate associations between malocclusions and periodontal disease by comparing it to that of smoking in subjects recruited from the population‐based cross‐sectional study “Study of Health in Pomerania.” Materials and Methods Sagittal intermaxillary relationship, variables of malocclusion and socio‐demographic parameters of 1,202 dentate subjects, 20–39 years of age, were selected. Probing depth (PD) and attachment loss (AL) were assessed at four sites by tooth in a half‐mouth design. Analyses were performed with multilevel models on subject, jaw and tooth level. Results Distal occlusion determined in the canine region, ectopic position of canines, anterior spacing, deep anterior overbite and increased sagittal overjet were associated with AL (p‐value <0.05). Associations between malocclusions and PD: deep anterior overbite with gingival contact (odds ratio [OR] = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.08–1.82; p‐value = 0.0101) and anterior crossbite (OR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.29–2.38; p‐value = 0.0003). Regarding crowding, only severe anterior crowding was compatible with a moderate to large association with PD (OR = 1.93, 95% CI: 0.89–4.20). Compared to smoking, the overall effect of malocclusions was about one half for AL and one‐third for PD. Conclusion Malocclusions or morphologic parameters were associated with periodontal disease.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of self-assembling peptide P 11 -4 (SAP) in the therapy of initial smooth surface caries (white spot lesions, WSL) following orthodontic multibracket treatment. Twentythree patients (13f/10m; average age 15.4 years) with at least two teeth with WSL were recruited for the randomised controlled clinical trial with split-mouth design. In opposite to the control teeth, the test teeth were treated with SAP on Day 0. The primary endpoint was the impedance measurement of WSL using customised tray to ensure reproducibility of the measurement location. The secondary endpoint was the morphometric measurement of WSL using a semi-automated approach to determine the WSL size in mm 2 . Treatment effects were adjusted for site-specific baseline values using mixed models adapted from the cross-over design. Test WSL showed a mean baseline impedance value of 46.7, which decreased to 21.1, 18.4, and 19.7 after 45, 90, and 180 days, respectively. Control WSL showed a mean baseline value of 42.0, which decreased to 35.0, 29.5, and 33.7, respectively. The overall treatment contrast was −13.7 (95% CI: −19.6 -−7.7; p < 0.001). For the secondary endpoint, the test WSL size decreased from 8.8 at baseline to 6.5 after 180 days. The control WSL decreased from 6.8 to 5.7, respectively. The related treatment contrast was −1.0 in favour of test WSL (95% CI: −1.6 -−0.5; p = 0.004). The treatment of initial carious lesions with self-assembling peptide P 11 −4 leads to superior remineralisation of the subsurface lesions compared with the control teeth.Orthodontic treatments with fixed multibracket appliances hindering oral hygiene, support plaque accumulation, and caries progression 1,2 . These orthodontic treatment-induced carious lesions are typically visible first as so-called white spot lesions (WSL) on the buccal surface of the tooth outlining the brackets 3-6 .Modern treatment concepts for caries emphasise tooth preservation and remineralisation concepts especially for initial non-cavitated carious lesions, in order to hinder or to delay the first invasive intervention, meaning destruction of the natural tooth structure 7 .Unique for buccal WSL is the addition of an aesthetic component to the cariological issue 3,8 . Fluorides prevent the formation of so-called white spot lesions (WSL) but have shown little effect on the reduction of existing WSL 9-11 . As their effect is restricted to the outer surface layer of the enamel (i.e. top 50 µm) and does not promote the remineralisation throughout the demineralised lesion body. The WSL persist visually almost unchanged 12-14 . Other remineralisation agents, often based on calcium phosphate, have been investigated, but could not show clinically significant advantage over fluoride 10,11,[15][16][17] .As a consequence, new treatment approaches have been called for and biomimetic mineralisation seems to be one promising possibility [18][19][20][21][22] . However, the only clinically available products at present are based on the self-assembling peptide P 11 -4 ...

To minimize relapse rates in cases of severe crowding, we recommend that the canines and second molars be included in the appliance.

Our results suggest that the timing of hard-palate closure is not a decisive factor for upper-jaw development. Intrinsic factors (initial cleft width, presence of tooth buds) and the surgeon's skills appear to have a much more defining role.

The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP), a population-based study from a rural state in northeastern Germany with a relatively poor life expectancy, supplemented its comprehensive examination program in 2008 with whole-body MR imaging at 1.5 T (SHIP-MR). We reviewed more than 100 publications that used the SHIP-MR data and analyzed which sequences already produced fruitful scientific outputs and which manuscripts have been referenced frequently. Upon reviewing the publications about imaging sequences, those that used T1-weighted structured imaging of the brain and a gradient-echo sequence for R2* mapping obtained the highest scientific output; regarding specific body parts examined, most scientific publications focused on MR sequences involving the brain and the (upper) abdomen. We conclude that population-based MR imaging in cohort studies should define more precise goals when allocating imaging time. In addition, quality control measures might include recording the number and impact of published work, preferably on a bi-annual basis and starting 2 years after initiation of the study. Structured teaching courses may enhance the desired output in areas that appear underrepresented.

Even when cleft palate closure is delayed, the result is maxillary constriction and vertical deviation of the cleft segments. The large individual scatter of deviations demands a greatly individualized, differentiated concept for later maxillary development.

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