Twelve goats about 3 months of age were divided into 4 equal groups. Goats in Groups 1 and 2 were infected with orf virus followed by Corynebacterium pyogenes infection of Groups 1 and 3, 3 days after the first appearance of orf lesions. Goats in Group 4 were uninfected controls. Complicated orf lesions which consisted of wet suppurative scabs around the entire lips were observed in goats in Group 1. The lesions persisted for 24 days but were most severe from days 8 to 13. Goats in Group 2 developed lesions typical of orf virus infection that lasted 10 days, while goats in Group 3 developed small nodules of about 1 cm diameter, 48 hours following the introduction of C. pyogenes, which persisted for only 6 days. No lesion was observed in goats in Group 4. Two goats in Group 1 with complicated orf died after 16 and 22 days respectively.
The infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of the most important Coronaviridae viruses, infecting the upper respiratory tract of chickens and leading to considerable losses in the poultry industry across the globe. Many outbreaks have recently occurred among IBV-vaccinated chicken farms in the Diyala Governorate of Iraq resulting in significant economic losses. As a result, the purpose of the present study was to investigate whether IBV can be a source of infection spread in IBV-vaccinated commercial broiler flock farms in Diyala Governorate. In this regard, ELISA was used as a serological test and RT-PCR as a molecular detection technique. Serum samples were collected from chickens suspected of IBV at 16 and 23 days of age. The results showed a significant increase of IgG antibodies in such serum samples at days 16 and 23 of age indicating the infections of the broilers with IBV. However, at the age of 2-3 weeks, the samples of kidney, liver, trachea, and lungs were collected from clinically and sub-clinically infected flocks, and also postmortem samples were sampled from all farms. Two sets of previously reported primers were created for this purpose in the S1-protein gene region. According to the findings of the present investigation, IBV was found in 83% of samples. Finally, despite immunization with IB4/91, IBV was prevalent in broiler chicken farms in the study area confirmed by serology and molecular biology tests. This finding indicates the possibility of genetic difference between the locally discovered IBV and the administered IBV vaccine. A study on the production of local vaccines can be useful in controlling IBV infection
Chicken Anemia Virus (CAV) infects many bird species worldwide and causes immunosuppression. This condition can facilitate the infection of affected birds with other pathogens including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. No data were available on detection or isolation of CAV from birds in Iraq, therefore this study was designed to detect CAV antibodies in broilers and layers in some poultry farms. Accordingly, 200 samples were collected from broiler and layer farms (100 samples each) from different districts of Diyala province and subjected to the ELISA test. Also, 50 tissue samples from embryonated eggs from different hatcheries, four commercial viral vaccines, and 30 ELISA positive samples were subjected to PCR assay to detect the CAV DNA. The results showed that all of broiler and layer farms sampled were serologically positive for CAV antibodies. The overall seropositivity for CAV antibodies for both chicken breeds was 51.5%. In broilers, 43 out of 100 serum samples were positive for CAV antibodies, whereas 60 out of 100 serum samples from layers were CAV antibody-positive. According to age groups, significant differences were observed among one-week-old broilers (30.2%) compared to other age groups. In layers, the age group of 30 weeks showed a seropositivity rate of 33.3%. Conventional PCR test indicated that all tissue samples collected from suspected birds and embryonated eggs were negative for CAV DNA, but only 2 out of 30 serum samples were PCR positive. It is concluded that CAV is endemic in poultry farms of Iraq and may facilitate the vaccination failure against other viruses.
P oultry industry is greatly affected by outbreaks due to avian influenza viruses that spread worldwide. These outbreaks are associated with high morbidity and mortality or high morbidity and low mortality, as it was related to virus strain and subtype (Capua and Alexander, 2008; Goudrazi et al., 2013). Avian influenza viruses are RNA genome viruses, which is single stranded and negative sense RNA. The genome is segmented into 8 segments and their total length of 13.5 kilo base. The virions are enveloped and classified within the family Orthomyxoviridae (Lamb, 2001). All avian influenza viruses are grouped within the genus Influenza A of the family Orthopmyxoviridae, and this family have another four genera which are, Influenza B, Influenza C, Thogotovirus, and Isavirus (MacLachlan and Dubovi 2010). This classification is attributed to the differences in genetic structures of both matrix proteins (MP) and nucleoproteins (NP) of these viruses (MacLachlan and Dubovi 2010). The genus Influenza A included many viruses, these are although related to each other serologically and from genetic point of view, but differences are also detected between research Article Abstract | The present study was an attempt to assess the pathogenicity of local isolate of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) in Diyala province, Iraq in the experimentally infected vaccinated and unvaccinated commercial broiler chickens with available commercial H9N2 vaccine. The virus was propagated in allantoic cavity of hen's embryonated eggs and gave a titer (1024HAU/0.1) by HA test and a (10 10.5 EID50/0.1 ml) of stock virus. One hundred and 80 broilers of one day old were used and subdivided into 3 groups (60 birds each) as group A, B, and C. La-Sota Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine was used to vaccinate groups A, group B was further vaccinated with bivalent inactivated H9N2 and NDV commercial vaccine, whereas group C was used as control (unvaccinated). Groups A and B at the age of 28 days were infected by intranasal dropping with 0.3 ml of stock virus of a titer (10 10.5 EID50/0.1 ml). The mean titre of maternal antibodies measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at 3 days of age appeared as 6541.66. Levels of anti AIV antibodies reduced significantly (P≤0.05) at age of 14 and 35 days when compared to level of maternal antibody. The mean titres of antibodies at 14 days of age appeared 1173.16, 2503.77 and 373.94 for groups A, B and C respectively. The mean titres of IgG against AIV at the age of 35 days appeared as 337.77, 2303.22 and 174.27 for group A, B, and C respectively. Mild clinical signs were observed in A and B groups at 4 and 12 days post infection (PI) respectively. The morbidity was too low and the mortality was reported in group A only and not be exceeded 3.3%. The virus was detected in tissue samples only of group A collected from trachea, liver and lung by real time PCR using specific primers and probe. Histopathological changes were observed in trachea, liver and lung, like degeneration, necrosis and infiltration of i...
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