Electrochemical biosensors have attracted a tremendous attention for many researchers recently due to its facile synthesis process, tunability easiness by tailoring the material properties or composition, and wide range of biological analyte types detection. To obtain an excellent electrochemical biosensor performance, a material that facilitates fast electron transfer, large surface area, excellent electrocatalytic activity, and abundant available sites for bioconjugation is immensely needed. Metal-organic frameworks in the two-dimensional form (2D MOFs) provide all of the criteria needed as the sensing material for electrochemical biosensors application. However, the design and preparation of 2D MOFs, which have high stability and sensitivity as well as good selectivity for biological analyte detection, is still quite challenging. This review provides the recent studies and development of 2D MOFs as electrochemical biosensor. A detailed discussion about 2D MOFs structures, their synthesis strategy and control, 2D MOFs materials in electrochemical biosensor application, and the future challenges is thoroughly explained in this review. Hopefully, this review will also provide a new inspiration to advance future studies of 2D MOFs materials development as electrochemical biosensor.
In this work, the amorphous HKUST-1 nanoparticles (aHKUST1) and copper hydroxide nanosheet (Cu(OH)2 NS) were successfully prepared by involving diethanolamine (DEOA) and were applied as an immunosensor to detect dengue virus (DENV-3) NS1. DEOA (35 wt%) was found to not only provide a base environment, but also act as a crystal modifier for the HKUST-1. The DEOA changes the crystallinity and morphology of HKUST-1 into amorphous and highly uniform nanoparticles, respectively. In addition, the Cu(OH) 2 NS was obtained by immersing the aHKUST1 NPs in water for 6 hours. The aHKUST1 NPs and Cu(OH)2 NS were functionalized as a matrix material to immobilize the DENV-3 monoclonal antibody. The immunosensor was fabricated by dropping the matrix on the surface of screen-printed carbon electrode. The immunosensor performances were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, differential pulsed voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique in detecting DENV-3 NS1 antigen at the concentration in the range of 0.001 – 100 ng/mL. As immunosensor aHKUST1 NPs and Cu(OH)2 NS can detect the antigen down to 1.64 pg/mL and 2.07 pg/mL, respectively. The amorphous nature of HKUST-1 is believed to provide many active sites that can enhance the electrocatalytic activities thereby improving immunosensor performance.
Pandemics such as COVID-19 have highlighted the importance of point-of-care sensors for testing, tracing and treatment to minimise and manage infection. Biosensors have been widely deployed in portable devices such as glucose sensors and pregnancy tests. Their development for point-of-exposure virus detection or point-of-care devices is anticipated but their reliability for the accurate detection of viruses is critical. Nanomaterials, such as metal nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon-based nanomaterials, and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) nanoparticles, have been utilised in biosensors to enhance sensitivity. Molecularly imprinting is a cost-effective method to synthesise polymer for selective binding with an excellent property as biosensors. More research on MIP nanoparticles can be expected in the near future. The utilisation of nanomaterials in several types of transducers for biosensor devices is also illustrated to give an overview of their use. Finally, a summary is given together with a future perspective on how biosensors can be further developed as reliable, portable viral biosensors.
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