Play is essential to development because it contributes to the cognitive, physical, social, and emotional well-being of children and youth. Play also offers an ideal opportunity for parents to engage fully with their children. Despite the benefits derived from play for both children and parents, time for free play has been markedly reduced for some children. This report addresses a variety of factors that have reduced play, including a hurried lifestyle, changes in family structure, and increased attention to academics and enrichment activities at the expense of recess or free child-centered play. This report offers guidelines on how pediatricians can advocate for children by helping families, school systems, and communities consider how best to ensure that play is protected as they seek the balance in children's lives to create the optimal developmental milieu.

Surface water nitrate (NO~-) pollution from agricultural production is well established, although few studies have linked field N budgets, NO~-loss in tile drained watersheds, and surface water NO~-loads. This study was conducted to determine field sources, transport, and river export of NO~-from an agricultural watershed. The Embarras River watershed at Camargo (48 173 ha) in east-central Illinois was investigated. The watershed is a tile-drained area of fertile Mollisols (typical soil is Drummer silty clay loam, a fine-silty, mixed mesic Typic Haplaquoll) with primary cropping of maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.). Agricultural field N sources and sinks, tile drainage NO~-concentrations and fluxes, and river NO~-export were estimated for the entire watershed. Large pools of inorganic N were present following each harvest of maize and soybean (average of 3670 Mg N yr-1 over a 6-yr period). The source of most of the inorganic N was divided between N fertilizer and soil mineralized N. High concentrations of NO~ were found in four monitored drainage tiles (5-49 mg N L-l), and tile concentrations of NO~-were synchronous with Embarras River NO~-concentrations. High flow events contributed most of the yearly NO~-loss (24.7 kg N ha-1 yr-1) from tile drained fields in the 1995 water year (1 Oct. 1994 through 30 Sept. 1995) where high rainfall events occurred in a low overall precipitation year (in one tile 21% of the annual load was exported in 1 d). During the 1996 water year, NO~ export in tiles was much higher (44.2 kg N ha-~ yr-j) due to greater precipitation, and individual days were less important. On average, about 49% (average of 1688 Mg N yr-1 over a 6-yr period) of the field inorganic N pool was estimated to be leached through drain tiles and seepage and was exported by the Embarras River, although depending on weather and field N balances this ranged from 25 to 85% of the field N balance over the 6-yr period. It seems likely that agricultural disturbance (high mineralization inputs of N) and N fertilization combined with tile drainage contributed significantly to NO~ export in the Embarras River. N ITRATE contamination of surface and groundwaters is of environmental concern throughout agricultural areas of the USA. High inputs of N fertilizer are required to support intensive row-crop agriculture, particularly for corn in the Midwest where fertilizer application rates are typically 100 to 200 kg N ha-I yr-1. It is difficult to maintain the fine balance of available N required to satisfy crop needs and at the same time minimize leaching losses, even though fertilization combined with soil mineralization can provide large amounts of inorganic N (Keeney and DeLuca, 1993). Under optimal growing season conditions and fertilizer N application rates, the crop grain yield contains typically only about 50% of the added fertilizer N (Oberle and Keeney, 1990). Throughout many areas of the Midwest and in particular in much of Illinois, agricultural fields are drained with subterranean tiles (perforated pipe...

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Conceptions of childhood in terms of 'evil' and 'innocence' transcend time and culture. These conflicting images are deployed by Chris Jenks as the Dionysian and Apollonian models of childhood to symbolize external and internal forms of control. Drawing on the literature on governmentality this article revisits these models and introduces a third -the 'Athenian' childloosely analogous and supplementary to those developed by Jenks. This model is necessary in order to take account of relatively recent strategies in the government of childhood, which, predicated on understandings of children in terms of competence and agency, operate via responsibility and reflexivity.

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Dislocation remains one of the most common complications after revision total hip arthroplasty (THA). In contrast to primary THA the posterior capsule has been routinely excised to provide better visualization, but its role in preventing dislocation has been overlooked. We reviewed 69 patients (79 hips) patients who had revision THA with a posterolateral approach to determine if closing the posterior capsule resulted in a fewer dislocations. We followed the patients for a minimum of 24 months (mean 57 months, range, 24-120 months). Two (2.5%) hips dislocated. Both dislocated anteriorly in the immediate postoperative period. One dislocation was from implant malposition and the other occurred in a high risk patient. There were no posterior dislocations and no patients reported any hip subluxation. The historically high dislocation rates with the posterolateral approach can be reduced by carefully balancing soft tissues, ensuring correct implant alignment, meticulously closing the posterior capsule, and reattaching the external rotators.

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Level III, therapeutic study.