A meta-analysis was conducted to examine gender differences in motor performance during childhood and adolescence. Data were 64 studies yielding 702 effect sizes based on 31,444 subjects. Age was regressed on effect size, and the relation was significant for 12 of 20 tasks. Several types of age-related curves were found; the curve for a throwing task was the most distinctive. Five of the tasks followed a typical curve of gender differences across age. For eight tasks, gender differences were not related to age, and effect sizes were small. Results are discussed relating the development of gender differences to biological and environmental sources.
This study examined the relationship of sport-specific knowledge to the development of children's skills in basketball. Two experiments were conducted. The first compared child expert and novice basketball players in two age leagues, 8-10 years and 11-12 years, on the individual components of basketball performance (control of the basketball, cognitive decisions, and motor execution) and on measures of basketball knowledge, dribbling skill, and shooting skill. Child expert players of both age groups possessed more shooting skill and more basketball knowledge. A canonical correlation analysis indicated that basketball knowledge was related to decision-making skill, whereas dribbling and shooting skill were related to the motor components of control and execution. Experiment 2 examined the changes in the individual components of performance, basketball knowledge, dribbling skill, and shooting skill from the beginning to the end of the season. Subjects improved in the cognitive decision-making and control components of performance across the course of the season, and basketball knowledge increased from the beginning to the end of the season. Only basketball knowledge was a significant predictor of the decision-making component at the end of the season. The overall results of Experiments 1 and 2 indicate that the development of the sport knowledge base plays a salient role in skilled sport performance of children.
Context: Organizational effectiveness and the continuity of patient care can be affected by certain levels of attrition. However, little is known about the retention and attrition of female certified athletic trainers (ATs) in certain settings.Objective: To gain insight and understanding into the factors and circumstances affecting female ATs' decisions to persist in or leave the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (NCAA D-I FBS) setting.Design: Qualitative study. Setting: The 12 NCAA D-I FBS institutions within the Southeastern Conference.Patients or Other Participants: A total of 23 women who were current full-time ATs (n 5 12) or former full-time ATs (n 5 11) at Southeastern Conference institutions participated.Data Collection and Analysis: Data were collected via indepth, semistructured interviews, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed via a grounded theory approach. Peer review and member checking methods were performed to establish trustworthiness.Results: The decision to persist involved 4 main factors:(1) increased autonomy, (2) increased social support, (3) enjoyment of job/fitting the NCAA D-I mold, and (4) kinship responsibility. Two subfactors of persistence, the NCAA D-I atmosphere and positive athlete dynamics, emerged under the main factor of enjoyment of job/fitting the NCAA D-I mold. The decision to leave included 3 main factors: (1) life balance issues, (2) role conflict and role overload, and (3) kinship responsibility. Two subfactors of leaving, supervisory/coach conflict and decreased autonomy, emerged under the main factor of role conflict and role overload.Conclusions: A female AT's decision to persist in or leave the NCAA D-I FBS setting can involve several factors. In order to retain capable ATs long term in the NCAA D-I setting, an individual's attributes and obligations, the setting's cultural issues, and an organization's social support paradigm should be considered.Key Words: job satisfaction, turnover, qualitative research Key PointsN Although a certain amount of employee turnover is expected and necessary, high levels of turnover can negatively affect organizations.N A female athletic trainer's decision to persist in or leave the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision setting can involve a number of factors, including enjoyment of the atmosphere and student-athletes; ''fit'' with the job; social support and autonomy; responsibility to family members; life balance issues; and role conflict and role overload.N To promote the retention of qualified female athletic trainers in the Division I setting, an individual's attributes, personal obligations, and perceived life balance should be considered in conjunction with the organization's social support structure and cultural issues.
Interest in alternative models for gamestsport instruction has increased in recent years. Recent research has compared tactical approaches to gamestsport instruction with more skill-oriented approaches (Gabriele
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