Background: Due to its negative effects on the unborn child and the mother as a consumer, pregnant women's intake of psychoactive substances has become a public health concern. Additionally, consuming these chemicals has been linked to several neurological development changes in children, including behavioral issues (such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder), cognitive issues, and sensory and motor function changes. Objectives: To perform a thorough, comprehensive study of the neurodevelopmental problems in children linked to maternal drug use. Method: A search of the scientific literature on studies about neurodevelopmental abnormalities linked to maternal use of psychoactive medications during pregnancy and published in the previous ten years up to June 2022 was conducted from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Directory open access Journals. Results: The initial screening identified 380 articles. We excluded 50 unaccessible articles and 160 articles due to publication dates and study types; after that, 62 articles were also discarded because they were duplicates, and 68 were excluded because the information was irrelevant or systemic reviews, so we finally obtained 40 articles for full-text reading distributed as follows: 18 from PubMed, 12 from Directory Open Access Journal, and 10 from Google scholar

Myopathy is a disease characterized by muscle dysfunction in general and may be associated with genetics, medication such as statins, or inflammation. In 2019, an epidemic viral infection (SARS-CoV-2 virus) that invaded most countries worldwide appeared and caused acute respiratory disease. Consequently, patients had to take a group of drugs for a relatively long treatment period. According to several studies, there was an increase in the cases of muscular disorders due to several factors. This study aimed to (1) investigate the relationship between COVID-19 and myopathy and (2) identify the causes and prevention methods. A systematic review was conducted, analyzing several articles from the following databases: ResearchGate, Medline, DOAJ (The Directory of Open-Access Journals), PubMed, and Google Scholar. After performing the search and filtering the results, we included 61 articles. There was a strong relationship between COVID-19 and myopathy, especially in patients admitted to the ICU department, due to medication or neurological dysregulation with multiorgan dysfunctions such as polyneuropathy, peripheral nerve involvement, dysautonomia, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and many others.

Background: Subepithelial lesions (SELs) are incidental findings on endoscopies. Some have evil potential. Aim: Assess the prevalence, endoscopic characteristics, and diagnostic/therapeutic management of Sub-epithelial lesions (SELs) in video-gastroscopies (VGC). Materials and methods: All VGC for the period January 2011-June 2020 were included. Cases with missing data were excluded. Where a SELS was identified, the following was recorded: indication, age, sex, size, location and histology, findings from endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), fine-needle aspiration (FNA), and surgical resection. Results: 55 SELS were evidenced in 7,983 patients (0.7%). 72% were women and the most common indication was dyspepsia (26%). The most frequent location was in the stomach (74%). The mean size was 16 mm (5-50 mm) and half were smaller than 10 mm. Seven presented ulcerated mucous, 4 were located in the gastric body and 86% were referred for gastrointestinal bleeding/anemia. In 26 cases of 55 (48%) standard biopsies were performed and in 6 of the 55 (11%) biopsies on biopsies, with no diagnostic yield. EUS was performed in 11% of them, all larger than 10 mm: 2 ectopic pancreases, 1 lesion compatible leiomyoma, 2 lesions of the muscularis propria (leiomyoma / GIST), and 1 extrinsic compression. No FNA was performed. All LSEs were managed conservatively. Conclusions: This is the first national study on the prevalence of SELS in the upper gastrointestinal tract and it was comparable to that of other series. The diagnostic yield of the biopsy was null. In most cases, the lesions were managed according to the recommendations of international guidelines.

Background: Oral and maxillofacial lesions include a wide variety of lesions. They could be either neoplastic or nonneoplastic, furthermore; the non-neoplastic lesions can be cystic, inflammatory, or they can also represent a reaction to some kind of irritation or mild injury. Objective: To analyze the frequency and distribution of the various types of oral and maxillofacial lesions in Nineveh province. Patients and methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 763 cases from May 2021 to April 2022. Data was retrieved from the Oral Pathology Department at Al-Jumhori Teaching Hospital, Al-Salam Teaching Hospital and some private laboratories in Nineveh province (Iraq). Lesions were classified into four categories: Inflammatory and reactive benign lesions, cystic lesions, benign and malignant lesions. Statistical analysis was done using chi-square test and F test, with p-value <0.05 a significant level. Results: The most commonly affected age was between 11 and 20 years. There were four diagnostic groups; (46.79%) inflammatory and reactive benign lesions, (16.77%) cystic lesions, (22.81%) benign tumors and tumor-like lesions, and (13.63%) malignant tumors. The most frequently encountered inflammatory and reactive benign lesion was non-specific inflammation (11.27%). The most frequently encountered cystic lesion was epidermoid cyst (7.34%). On the other hand, the most frequently encountered benign tumor and tumor-like lesion was nevi (4.33%). Conclusions: Non-specific inflammation is the most common oral and maxillofacial lesions, followed by fibroepithelial polyp.

AIM: Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach is a common disease and the resulting changes from it are many and deserve to be in the focus of researchers’ attention, to assess the expression of mutant P53 protein and Ki-67 markers in patients with gastritis secondary to H. pylori. METHODS: Thirty samples with positive H. pylori gastritis were included in a retrospective study in Mosul/Iraq. The histological parameters were assessed using the Sydney system, then, the expression of Ki-67 and P53 expression was studied by immunohistochemical methods. The significance level was appointed at (0.05). RESULTS: Ki-67 and P53 expression were found in 83.3% of the total cases. The study results show that 92% of positive Ki-67 and P53 cases had chronic inflammatory cell infiltration, polymorph nuclear cells infiltration, and atrophy. Whereas 96% of positive Ki-67 cases had no metaplasia, 92% of the positive P53 cases had no metaplasia. The results also showed that only 16% of the positive Ki-67 cases had dysplastic changes, and 24% of the positive cases of P53 cases were showed dysplasia. whenever P53 was negative; there is neither metaplasia nor dysplasia in the tissue, this does not apply to Ki-67 negative cases. CONCLUSIONS: Ki-67 and P53 expressions increase with chronicity of Helicobacter pylori-positive gastritis. P53 expression is amplified when atrophy is present in these samples.