Previous studies reported that performance in texture segmentation was lower near the fovea than in the periphery. However, the exact cause of this phenomenon had been unknown. Experiment 1 replicated the central performance drop (CPD). Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrated that the previously reported CPD was due to a temporal factor, i.e. slower neural processing in central vision, rather than a spatial factor. But Experiments 4 and 5 showed that certain textures can lead to a purely spatial form of CPD due to inhibition and/or interference from high spatial frequency mechanisms in central vision. This study showed that, depending on textures, CPD can arise from either temporal or spatial causes.
Most cases of acute gastroenteritis and foodborne disease are not ascertained by public health surveillance because the ill person does not always seek medical care and submit a stool sample for testing, and the laboratory does not always test for or identify the causative organism. We estimated the total burden of acute gastroenteritis in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, using data from two 2-week cross-sectional, population-based telephone surveys conducted in 2006 and 2007. To estimate the number of acute gastroenteritis illnesses caused by Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Miyagi Prefecture, we determined the number of cases for each pathogen from active laboratory-based surveillance during 2005 to 2006 and adjusted for seeking of medical care and submission of stool specimens by using data from the population-based telephone surveys. Monte Carlo simulation was used to incorporate uncertainty. The prevalence of acute gastroenteritis in the preceding 4 weeks was 3.3% (70 of 2,126) and 3.5% (74 of 2,121) in the winter and summer months, yielding an estimated 44,200 episodes of acute gastroenteritis each year in this region. Among people with acute gastroenteritis, the physician consultation rate was 32.0%, and 10.9% of persons who sought care submitted a stool sample. The estimated numbers of Campylobacter-, Salmonella-, and V. parahaemolyticus -associated episodes of acute gastroenteritis were 1,512, 209, and 100 per 100,000 population per year, respectively, in this region. These estimates are significantly higher than the number of reported cases in surveillance in this region. Cases ascertained from active surveillance were also underrepresented in the present passive surveillance, suggesting that complementary surveillance systems, such as laboratory-based active surveillance in sentinel sites, are needed to monitor food safety in Japan.
When an occlitded horizontal row of shapes is shifred laterally, apparenr motion can be experienced in either the lefrward or the rightward direction. Foitr experiments provide evidence for a motion bias in the direction that shapes appear to face. The bias tended to be largest when directionality was specified geometrically (e.g.. triangles), next largest when it was specified biologically (e.g., mice). and absent when it was speciBed calligraphically (e.g., letter R).
The bias increased parametrically as a fiinction of triangle pointedness and was consistent with th< directional interpretation of an ambigiioirs diick-rabbit. The results support the existence of a cognit ively specified fonvard-facing attribute that can injlrtence experienced direction of motion.
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