The purpose of this study was to examine how a leisure activity (i.e., judo) aŠected the assimilation of Brazilian immigrants in Japan. Researchers hypothesized that judo participation would aŠect the processes of assimilation, particularly acculturation and structural assimilation. Based on the results of observations, informal interviews, and questionnaires conducted with Brazilian judo participants and their parents as well as the results of formal interviews held with the judo instructors, the hypothesis was conˆrmed. This result suggests that there are multiple ways in which leisure organizations can work with immigrants to help them adjust to a new society. This study contributes to the growing, yet still understudied, area of immigrant leisure research, and it provides a unique perspective by examining the experiences of Brazilian immigrants living in Japan.
The question of what factors affect spectators' c o n s u m p t i o n b e h a v i o r ( s u c h a s a t t e n d a n c e frequency, future attendance, and future merchandise consumption) is an important issue for spectator sports marketers, because the revenue related to game attendance is an important income source for professional sports. If factors affecting spectator consumption behavior are clarifi ed, sports marketers will be able to more effi ciently build marketing strategies for their target market.Previous studies have examined many of the internal and external factors affecting spectators' consumer behavior. These factors could be classifi ed according to the following fi ve perspectives: (a) sports game attractiveness factors such as league standing, record-breaking, team quality, and star players (e.g., Greenstein & Marcum, 1981;Rivers & Deschriver, 2002;Schofi eld, 1983;Zhang, Pease, Smith, Lee, Lam, & Jambor, 1997), (b) environmental factors such as stadium facilities, convenience of schedule, weather (e.g., Greenwell, Fink, & Pastore, 2002a;Tomlinson, Buttle, & Moores, 1995;Trail, Anderson, & Fink, 2002;Westerbeek, 2000), (c) emotional or internal factors such as team identifi cation and motivational factors (e.g., Fink, Trail, & Anderson, 2002a;Funk, James, Gladden, 2002;Funk, Mahony, Nakazawa, & Hirakawa, 2000;Hong, McDonald, Yoon, & Fujimoto, 2005; Laugh & Kim, 2004; Mahony, Nakazawa, Funk, Mahony, & Ridinger, 2002;Matsuoka, Chelladurai, & Harada, 2003;McDonald, Milne, & Hong, 2002;Robinson & Trail, 2005) The purpose of this study was to examine motivational factors affecting consumption behavior of K-league and J-league spectators, and their predictability to explain it. We found that 10 motivational factors signifi cantly, but not suffi ciently explained the current attendance frequency of the K-league spectators, whereas these factors well predicted their future consumption behavior. It was considered that there is great potential in the K-league spectator market. The results of the J-league spectators indicated that team identifi cation and vicarious achievement were strong predictors to explain the variance in the game attendance frequency of the J-league spectators, and these results were consistent with the results of Mahony, et al., (2002). However, we found a new predictor (social interaction) to explain this variance. Also, we found that escape was a new positive predictor to explain the intention to attend future games of the K-league and J-league spectators, and escape, player, and team identifi cation were related to the future merchandise consumption of both the K-league and J-league spectators. However, previous research about the relationship between motivation and consumption behavior has been limited in the fi eld of sports marketing in South Korea and Japan. Most of the reports have focused on factors external to the spectator such as physical facility, or on demographic variables such as gender and age (i.e., Kim, Ha, & Kim, 2002;Lee, 2001;Lim & Kim, 2004;Nakazawa, Hirakawa...
The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between collective efficacy and contextual performance among university athletes in Japan. We carried out 305 university athletes (201 males, 104 females) from 14 teams in various geographic areas in Japan. The average age of the participants was 19.91 years (SD=1.01). The kinds of sports were soccer, basketball, baseball, volleyball, and so on. Then, using Collective Efficacy Questionnaire for Sports (CEQS; Sandra E. Short et al., 2005) and Contextual Performance Scale (Ikeda, and Furukawa, 2008), we examined the relationship between collective efficacy and Contextual performance. In conclusion, this study provided the following three remarks. 1) There are relationship between collective efficacy and contextual performance. 2) Contextual performance execution level improve collective efficacy. 3) It is important to always recommend contextual performance in own team to strengthen the collective efficacy more.
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of organizational climate components on unity in sports teams. The participants were 1,095 student athletes who were affiliated with the competitive sports clubs of 16 different sports types. Their average age was 17.85 (SD = 2.10) years. They completed questionnaires to assess the perceived team unity using the Unity Scale for Sports Teams (USST ; composed of "integration for the group: IG", "commitment: Co" and "the total of those: Uni") , and organizational climate with Organizational Climate Questionnaire (OCQ; composed of "discipline centered on the club: DC", "free communication: FC" and "acceptance of innovation: AI") . In the results, the DC score of male athletes was higher than that of female athletes, whereas the FC score of female athletes was higher than that of male athletes. All the subscale scores in both USST and OCQ of high school athletes were higher than those of university athletes. All the USST subscales and the FC scores of athletes with 1-2 years or 3-4 experienced years were higher than those of athletes with 5-9 years or more than 10 years. The scores of 5 subscales with the IG removed of regular or semi-regular athletes were higher than those of non-regular athletes. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between the USST scores
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