The propose of this paper is to clarify the way of establishment and activities, the case study is the pilot program in Kiyosumishirakawa, Koto Ward in Tokyo, in order to understand how to promote river terrace as public space . The conclusions are following 4 points. 1) Cases of Kawa-terrace are different in standard building code. Kawa-terrace in Kiyosumishirakawa is a structure by river act, and is not needed the application for building confirmation. It is needed to make an organization for discussion consist of local governments, private companies and local communities in to make progress Kawa-terrace. 2) People use Kawa-terrace increase by attractiveness of the restaurant, and use Kawa-terrace is not only restaurant users but also various users and use as public space. 3) The restaurant and good place to enjoy the river are the reason to use Kawa-terrace and promote the utilization in waterfront. 4) People recognize Kawa-terrace as public space even the restaurant is open holiday.
In a long-term large cohort study, we introduced an electronic money system for remuneration of research participants. In comparison with the delivery of cash vouchers, the operation and mailing cost, and the processing time were significantly reduced. The workers were also able to save the time and effort they spent on the inventory management of cash vouchers. In addition, risk management was improved, as demonstrated by the reduction of complaints and associated problems such as nonarrival or content differences of cash vouchers. This is because only card points as additional money need to be added once the electronic money card has been distributed to the recipients. Furthermore, the psychological stress of workers associated with inventory management and ensuring cash voucher enclosure was also reduced.
Background
Cervical myelopathy is a progressive disease, and early detection and treatment contribute to prognosis. Evaluation of cervical intervertebral instability by simple X-ray is used in clinical setting and the information about instability is important to understand the cause of myelopathy, but evaluation of the intervertebral instability by X-ray is complicated. To reduce the burden of clinicians, a system that automatically measures the range of motion was developed by comparing the flexed and extended positions in the lateral view of a simple X-ray of the cervical spine. The accuracy of the system was verified by comparison with spine surgeons and residents to determine whether the system could withstand actual use.
Methods
An algorithm was created to recognize the four corners of the vertebral bodies in a lateral cervical spine X-ray image, and a system was constructed to automatically measure the range of motion between each vertebra by comparing X-ray images of the cervical spine in extension and flexion. Two experienced spine surgeons and two residents performed the study on the remaining 23 cases. Cervical spine range of motion was measured manually on X-ray images and compared with automatic measurement by this system.
Results
Of a total of 322 cervical vertebrae in 46 images, 313 (97%) were successfully estimated by our learning model. The mean intersection over union value for all the 46-test data was 0.85. The results of measuring the CRoM angle with the proposed cervical spine motion angle measurement system showed that the mean error from the true value was 3.5° and the standard deviation was 2.8°. The average standard deviations for each measurement by specialist and residents are 2.9° and 3.2°.
Conclusions
A system for measuring cervical spine range of motion on X-ray images was constructed and showed accuracy comparable to that of spine surgeons. This system will be effective in reducing the burden on and saving time of orthopedic surgeons by avoiding manually measuring X-ray images.
Trial registration Retrospectively registered with opt-out agreement.
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