Internet of things (IoT) is a promising technology which provides efficient and reliable solutions towards the modernization of several domains. IoT based solutions are being developed to automatically maintain and monitor agricultural farms with minimal human involvement. The article presents many aspects of technologies involved in the domain of IoT in agriculture. It explains the major components of IoT based smart farming. A rigorous discussion on network technologies used in IoT based agriculture has been presented, that involves network architecture and layers, network topologies used, and protocols. Furthermore, the connection of IoT based agriculture systems with relevant technologies including cloud computing, big data storage and analytics has also been presented. In addition, security issues in IoT agriculture have been highlighted. A list of smart phone based and sensor based applications developed for different aspects of farm management has also been presented. Lastly, the regulations and policies made by several countries to standardize IoT based agriculture have been presented along with few available success stories. In the end, some open research issues and challenges in IoT agriculture field have been presented.

Protein S-100B is released into the circulation after traumatic brain injury, and its serum concentration relates to measures of injury severity and outcome. These properties have led to interest in its development as a marker for clinical use, particularly in the prediction of adverse outcome for those with apparently trivial injuries. Before it can be used in populations of patients with head injuries, however, more needs to be understood about its release and elimination. This study was designed to estimate the elimination half-life of S-100B from the circulation after minor head trauma. We studied 14 patients with minor head injuries and measured serum S-100B serially after initial assessment in the Emergency Department of an inner city teaching hospital. We used curve-fit analysis to estimate the elimination constant that best fitted our data, and from this estimated the elimination half-life of protein S-100B. We estimated the mean half-life in this setting to be 97 min (95% confidence interval [CI] of 75-136 min). S-100B is cleared rapidly, relative to the time elapsed between injury and initial assessment in the Emergency Department. Variation in the time elapsed between injury and sampling is likely to influence the accuracy of head injury outcome prediction based on S-100B concentrations in serum, and should be considered when designing future studies.

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In recent years, organic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskite materials have been found to have low thermal conductivity and a large Seebeck effect, giving them great potential for thermoelectric applications. More stable single crystals make this possible. In this work, high‐quality MAPbI3 single crystals are prepared using a modified solvent engineering method, and their trap density is as low as 2.5 × 109 cm−3. It is noticed that the reaction between the crystal a metal electrode causes different degrees of doping effect along the vertical direction, leading to an increase in the intrinsic P‐type with Au metal, and forming N‐type semiconductor characteristics with Ag metal. A high Seebeck voltage thermoelectric module is obtained by combining the perovskite single crystal with different conductive characteristics. After device optimization, the thermoelectric potential of the champion module reaches a high voltage of 337 mV at 115 °C, the maximum output power with load reaches about 30 nW, and the theoretical maximum power reaches 65 nW. It is hoped that this research can promote the development of low thermal conductivity perovskite materials in the thermoelectric field.