Copper is an essential micromineral in animal feed; however, when consumed in excess, it can cause liver necrosis, hemolytic crisis, hemoglobinuric nephrosis and death in cattle. Although uncommon in this species, copper poisoning occurs as a result of exacerbated supplementation, deficiency of antagonist microminerals, or previous liver lesions. An outbreak of chronic copper poisoning is reported in semi-confined cattle after supplementation with 50 mg/Kg of dry matter copper. The cattle showed clinical signs characterized by anorexia, motor incoordination, loss of balance, jaundice, brownish or black urine, diarrhea and death, or were found dead, 10 to 302 days after consumption. Of the 35 cattle that died, 20 underwent necropsy, whose frequent findings were jaundice, enlarged liver with evident lobular pattern, black kidneys, and urinary bladder with brownish to blackish content. Microscopically, the liver showed vacuolar degeneration and/or zonal hepatocellular centrilobular or paracentral coagulative necrosis, in addition to cholestasis, mild periacinal fibrosis, apoptotic bodies, and mild to moderate mononuclear inflammation. Degeneration and necrosis of the tubular epithelium and intratubular hemoglobin cylinders were observed in the kidneys. Copper levels in the liver and kidneys ranged from 5,901.24 to 28,373.14 μmol/kg and from 303.72 to 14,021 μmol/kg, respectively. In conclusion, copper poisoning due to excessive nutritional supplementation is an important cause of jaundice, hemoglobinuria, and death in semi-confined cattle.
RESUMO: Bócio é o aumento não inflamatório e não neoplásico da glândula tireoide em animais adultos e recém-nascidos. Uma das principais causas envolvidas é a deficiência nutricional de iodo. Relata-se neste trabalho, a ocorrência de três surtos de bócio em bovinos. Na primeira propriedade (Propriedade A), 60 bezerros foram afetados, sendo que 20 morreram logo após o nascimento, 30 recuperaram-se e 10 permaneceram doentes e tiveram remissão dos sinais apenas após tratamento parenteral com iodo. Na segunda propriedade (Propriedade B) uma vaca e seu feto foram acometidos e na terceira (Propriedade C) dois bezerros foram afetados. Os principais sinais clínicos observados nos bezerros foram aumento de volume bilateral na região cervical ventral, emagrecimento, dificuldade respiratória, hipotricose e desenvolvimento corpóreo retardado. Na propriedade A foi relatada ainda a ocorrência de abortamentos. Macroscopicamente, os bezerros e o feto apresentavam tireoide aumentada, vermelho-escura, com vascularização evidente e edema subcutâneo cervical. No surto dois também foi observado, à necropsia, aumento de volume da glândula tireoide da vaca. Microscopicamente, a tiroide dos bezerros e do feto apresentava folículos tireoidianos hiperplásicos, heterogêneos, destituídos de coloide e com interstício acentuadamente vascularizado. A tireoide da vaca era semelhante à dos bezerros, no entanto, possuía quantidade maior de coloide. Em todos os casos a suplementação mineral era realizada por meio da mistura de sal mineral com sal branco. Na Propriedade A o sal branco era não iodado e misturado em partes iguais com o sal mineral. Na Propriedade B o sal também era misturado a um sal branco não iodado na proporção e 1:2, respectivamente. Na Propriedade C o sal mineral e o sal branco não iodado eram ofertados em cochos separados no campo e, segundo relato do proprietário, os animais priorizavam o consumo do sal branco. Em todas as propriedades acompanhadas foi recomendada a interrupção da adição de sal branco na mistura mineral e a administração de iodo aos bezerros acometidos. Após essas medidas não foram observados novos casos nas propriedades. Apesar de ser uma enfermidade bem conhecida, ainda são poucos os relatados de casos de bócios em bovinos no Brasil. Além disso, pouco se sabe sobre as reais deficiências minerais de cada região, e que simples orientações de manejo nutricional ainda são necessárias.
Background:Actinobacillosis in adult horses is rare, and is often associated with infection due to Actinobacillus equuli subsp. equuli, which is a commensal organism inhabiting the oral cavity of healthy animals. It is an opportunistic pathogen, and the infection usually occurs secondary to another primary disease or due to predisposing factors such as pre-existing lesions, mainly in the oral cavity. Infection may be associated with peritonitis, bacterial endocarditis, pneumonia, enteritis, infectious periorchitis, abortion, and septicemia. This paper aims to describe the clinical, microbiological, and pathological aspects of actinobacillosis in the oral cavity of a horse.Case:A case of actinobacillosis has been reported in a 22-year-old gelding Quarter Horse. According to the owner, the animal presented with progressive weight loss during the previous three months, and leakage of food from the oral cavity. Examination of the oral cavity revealed sharp enamel overgrowths, which had been corrected during a previous dental procedure. However, five days after the procedure, the animal developed halitosis. Ceftiofur sodium (4.4 mg/kg intramuscularly, every 24 h) was prescribed; two days after the commencement of antimicrobial therapy, the animal presented with sialorrhea, bilateral submandibular lymphadenomegaly, protrusion of the tongue, edema of the base of the tongue, cheeks, and gums, in addition to black-colored sores and scales in the oral mucosa, particularly affecting the base of the tongue and gums. Samples from ulcerative lesions found at the base of the tongue and gums were collected using sterile swabs, and culture and antibiogram were requested. Microbiological culture led to the growth of small colonies measuring less than 5 mm in diameter, that were non-hemolytic, slightly whitish in color but non-opaque, smooth and bright in appearance. These were identified as gram-negative rods on microscopy, and further characterized as Actinobacillus equuli subsp. equuli based on the phenotypic and biochemical findings. The antibiogram revealed sensitivity of the organisms to cephalothin and doxycycline, intermediate sensitivity to amoxicillin, and resistance to florfenicol, metronidazole, clindamycin, and sulfazotrim. The complete blood count revealed anemia with a reduction in hemoglobin (10.1 g/dL) and hematocrit (27.9%), neutrophilia (10.670 x 10³ /mm³), and lymphopenia (330 x 10³ /mm³). Decrease in serum albumin (2.0 g/dL) and alkaline phosphatase (91 IU/L), and increase in globulin (4.9 g/dL), aspartate aminotransferase (361 4 IU/L), and urea (123.8 mg/dL) were noted on biochemical analyses. Two days after the onset of acute clinical signs, the animal died; necropsy revealed severe, subacute, fibronecrotic glossitis associated with myriads of basophilic bacteria.Discussion:This report describes an infection of the oral cavity by Actinobacillus equuli subsp. equuli following a dental procedure, a finding compatible with the opportunistic nature of these bacteria. The presence of enamel overgrowths resulted in the formation of traumatic lesions on the oral mucosa and tongue that favored colonization of the bacteria. The case of equine glossitis reported in this study had a similar clinical presentation to the classic actinobacillosis in cattle, also known as “wooden tongue”, an infection caused by Actinobacillus lignieresii; common symptoms in cattle include oral edema, sialorrhea, and dysphagia.
A pitiose é uma oomicose provocada pelo agente Pythium insidiosum membro da classe Oomycetes, que produz micélio, semelhantemente aos fungos, porém em contrapartida, sua parede celular não contém quitina, geralmente encontrada nos fungos. Seus hospedeiros mamíferos, aves e o homem, se infectam através de água contaminada com os zoósporos. Em cães, na forma gastrointestinal, os sinais clínicos são variáveis e dependem da porção comprometida, e em função disso, o diagnóstico é baseado na associação de exames clínicos e auxiliares (diagnóstico por imagem, histopatológico, imuno-histoquímica e biologia molecular), e na epidemiologia da doença. O prognóstico dos animais acometidos é reservado, já que frequentemente cursam com o óbito, decorrente de dificuldade em se estabelecer o diagnóstico, e da inespecificidade da atuação dos antifúngicos atuais. Com isso, objetivou-se por meio desta revisão de literatura abordar as características etiológicas e epidemiológicas da doença, com ênfase nos aspectos clinicopatológicos e de diagnóstico, a fim de subsidiar a escolha do tratamento e melhora do prognóstico. Os estudos foram selecionados a partir de livros e buscas na base de dados na biblioteca eletrônica, utilizando como descritores para a busca dos artigos: Pitiose Canina, Gastrointestinal e Pythium insidiosum, selecionando estudos publicados entre 1901 a 2019, publicados em português e inglês que abordassem sobre o tema. Com isso, a pitiose canina é uma doença de extrema importância para Medicina Veterinária e seu conhecimento epidemio-sintomatológico, juntamente com exames complementares são essenciais para o diagnóstico precoce e instituição terapêutica. Palavra-chave: Doença de Cães. Oomiceto. Pythium insidiosum. Abstract Pythiosis is an oomycosis caused by Pythium insidiosum member of the Oomycetes class that produces mycelium, similar to fungi, but in contrast, its cell wall does not contain chitin, usually found in fungi. Its mammalian hosts, birds and humans become infected through water contaminated with zoospores. In dogs, in the gastrointestinal form, clinical signs are variable and depend on the compromised portion, and because of this the diagnosis is based on the association of clinical and auxiliary tests (diagnostic imaging, histopathology, immunohistochemistry and molecular biology), and the disease epidemiology. The prognosis of the affected animals is poor, since they often die, due to the difficulty establishing the diagnosis and the lack of specificity of the current antifungal agents. Thus, the aim of this literature review was to address the etiological and epidemiological characteristics of the disease, with emphasis on clinicopathological and diagnostic aspects, in order to support the choice of treatment and improvement of prognosis. The studies were selected from books and database searches, using as descriptors for the search articles: Canine pythiosis, Gastrointestinal and Pythium insidiosum, selecting studies published from 1901 to 2019, published in Portuguese and English that addressed the subject. Canine pythiosis is an extremely important disease for veterinary medicine and its epidemio-symptomatologic knowledge, along with complementary exams are essential for early diagnosis and therapeutic institution. Keywords: Dog disease. Oomycete. Pythium insidiosum.
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