In this study the peels of ecologically grown apple (Malus domestica) cultivars: Gold Milenium (a new scab‐resistant variety) and Papierowka (Papirovka; an old, sensitive to apple scab variety) were examined for their composition (phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, simple organic acids, macro-, microelements, reducing sugars, l-ascorbic acid), pro- and antioxidant properties as well as their application in reduction of the oxidative stress in cultured human skin fibroblast. The higher content of phenolic compounds correlated with the greater pro- and antioxidant activity of the peels of Papierowka compared to Gold Milenium in DPPH·, ABTS+, FRAP and CUPRAC assays as well as an ability to inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The quantity of the compounds strongly depended on the type of extraction. The extract of Papierowka peels possessed much higher amount of phenolic compounds compared to Gold Milenium (Papierowka: 3.68 ± 0.20 mg/g peel ultrasound assisted extraction (u.a.e); 2.02 ± 0.13 mg/g peel conventional extraction (c.e.); Gold Milenium: 1.46 ± 0.19 mg/g peel u.a.e; 1.15 ± 0.04 mg/g peel c.e. according the HPLC measurement). The pro-oxidant activity of the extract from Papierowka peels can be correlated with the content of phenolic compounds and metal ions as well. The apple peel extract is promising agent reducing the oxidative stress in skin fibroblast.
The copper (II) complex of ursolic acid (Cu(II) UA) was synthesized and discussed in terms of its infrared, UV–visible spectra, quantum-chemical calculations at B3LYP/6-31G(d) level and antioxidant capacity. The copper (II) complex was stable in methanolic solution with the molar ratio metal:ligand 1:1. The data obtained by FT-IR confirmed the metal ion coordination through the carboxylate anion. The antioxidant properties of ursolic acid and its complex with Cu were discussed on the basis of energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and values of chemical reactivity parameters. The antiradical properties of ursolic acid and the Cu (II) complex were examined against DPPH• and HO• radicals, and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was examined. The Cu(II) complex showed higher antioxidant activity than ursolic acid, i.e., in DPPH• assay, the EC50 for UA was 47.0 mM, whereas, for Cu(II), UA EC50 = 19.5 mM; the FRAP value for UA was 20.8 µMFe2+, and 35.4 µMFe2+ for Cu(II) UA (compound concentration 3 mM). Although there was no distinct difference in the antioxidant activity against HO• between these two chemicals, they were both better HO• scavengers than DPPH• and showed different kinetics in the reaction with DPPH•.
In this study a cobalt(II) complex of quercetin was synthetized in the solid state with the general formula Co(C15H9O7)2∙2H2O. The FT-IR, elemental analysis, and UV/Vis methods were used to study the composition of the complex in a solid state and in a water solution. The anti-/pro-oxidant activity of quercetin and the Co(II) complex was studied by means of spectrophotometric DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant activity) and Trolox oxidation assays. The cytotoxicity of quercetin and Co(II)-quercetin complex in HaCat cell lines was then established.
The release of toxic substances in the environment continues to be a problem despite increased efforts to reduce this. The commonly used methods of removing heavy metal ions from water and wastewater have many disadvantages, including a low efficiency and high cost. Heavy metals and dyes are the most problematic pollutants due to their toxicity and stability in the environment. For this reason, in recent years, remediation technologies such as the sorption on materials of natural origin, have been developed. However, these technologies are still rarely used at an industrial level. Recently, scientists have attempted to apply the promising properties of nanotechnology to this field, conducting research on the possibility of using biosorbents in the nanoscale in wastewater treatment. Much attention is currently paid to the preparation of cost-effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly adsorbents, as well as their chemical modifications, to increase the metal removal efficiency from water and wastewater. The waste materials from the agricultural industry are cheap adsorbents that require little treatment. This kind of biosorbent is not able to remove specific metal ions, but by chemical modifications its adsorption capacity and specificity can be increased. The data from the literature are reported for various types of bio-adsorbent materials, e.g., fruit or vegetable pomace and nut shells. One of the most promising raw materials is apple pomace. It was estimated that, in recent years, global apple production reached approximately 75 million tons, equating to 5–7 million tons of apple pomace per year. The management of such waste is a serious challenge. The rational management of exhausting resources requires looking at waste in terms of its use as a reusable raw material. The aim of this paper was to collect information and compare the parameters (pH, dose of adsorbent, and kinetics, etc.) of heavy metal sorption on apple pomace in order to demonstrate the potential of this adsorbent application.
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