Background Poor hygiene of housing induces a systemic inflammatory response. Because inflammation and oxidative stress are processes that can sustain each other, the ways pigs are able to activate their antioxidant defenses are critical for production performance and health during periods when the immune system is solicited. Selection for production performance can also influence reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and expression levels of genes involved in cellular response to oxidative stress in different tissues. To establish the extent by which poor hygiene and selection for feed efficiency affected redox status, pigs divergently selected for residual feed intake (RFI) were housed in poor or good hygiene during 6 weeks. At the end, blood was collected in all pigs, and half of them were killed for tissue sampling. The remaining pigs were reared in good hygiene conditions during a recovery period of 7–8 weeks. Results At week 6, poor hygiene was associated with a lower total antioxidant capacity assessed by plasma ferric reducing ability in all pigs, and with greater plasma levels of hydrogen peroxides in the high RFI pigs (less efficient). Adipose tissue of high RFI pigs exhibited higher activities of catalase and glutathione reductase, and greater thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentrations when compared with the low RFI pigs (more efficient). Poor hygiene conditions activated the antioxidant enzymes activities (glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and catalase) in adipose tissue of both lines, but led to higher ROS production by mature adipocytes isolated from the high RFI pigs only. In liver and muscle, there were only minor changes in antioxidant molecules due to genetics and hygiene conditions. After the resilience period, adipose tissue of pigs previously challenged by poor hygiene maintained higher antioxidant enzyme activities, and for the high RFI line, displayed higher TBARS concentrations. Conclusions Pigs selected for improved feed efficiency showed a lower susceptibility to oxidative stress induced by poor hygiene conditions. This could led to a lower inflammatory response and less impaired growth when these pigs are facing sanitary challenges during the production period.
In the 20 d experiment, the influence of different concentration and supplementation period of commercial blackcurrant extract (BC) in the broiler diets on the oxidative stability of breast and thigh meat, as well as selected performance indices, was investigated. A number of 120 fifteen-d-old Hubbard Flex male chicks (initial BW 363.5 ± 22.9 g) were randomly allocated to five groups: the control and four treatments (6 replicates, 4 birds per cage in each group). The BC extract was administrated to treatment groups at two concentrations (1.25 and 2.5 g/kg) and in different periods within the trial (i.e., from 15 to 35 d and from 25 to 35 d of life). Body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined during the 20-d experiment. At d 35, two randomly selected birds from each cage were decapitated, and pectoral and thigh muscles were collected. Extent of lipid oxidation after storage at chilling (2-3°C, 1, and 5 d) and freezing conditions (after 90 d, −18°C) was determined. The chickens’ growth performance and FCR were not affected by the concentrations and periods of BC supplementation. The enrichment of grower diet with 1.25 g/kg of BC extract reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) formation in frozen thigh muscles (P<0.05), and this effect tended to appear (P<0.089) irrespective of duration of the supplementation period. Significant extent of lipid oxidation process was found in 1-d-chilled pectoral muscles of chickens receiving BC diet for 20 d or diet containing 2.5 g/kg of the extract. The results showed that BC extract may be an efficient source of antioxidants in chicken diet, which may increase oxidative stability of frozen dark meat. However, the conditions and ability of some polyphenols to initiate oxidation processes have not been fully understood and further studies are required.
A total of 180 1-day-old male Hubbard Flex broiler chickens were used in a 32-day model experiment to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with quercetin (Q) and with polyphenolic extracts of rosemary (RO), olive leaves (OL) and pine bark (PB) on the performance of the birds and the microbiological status of their ileum. The chickens were randomly allocated into 9 groups: the control group (with 6 replicates, 6 birds per cage) and 8 treatment groups (with 3 replicates in each, 6 birds per cage), and fed ad libitum throughout the experimental period with a basal isoenergetic and isoprotein control diet or with the same basal diet containing two concentrations of RO, OL and PB extracts (2.50 and 5.00 g/kg), and Q (0.25 and 0.50 g/kg). The body weight gain (BWG) and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined during the experiment. At day 32, two randomly selected birds from each cage were slaughtered, and 5-centimetre-long pieces of the ileum beginning from the Meckel's diverticulum were collected to analyze the number of microorganisms in the intestinal content. Chickens’ weight gain and FCR were not affected by the OL-, PB- and Q-enriched diets, but supplementation with RO significantly (P < 0.05) impaired FCR. BWG was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced when chickens were fed with mixtures containing 2.50 and 0.25 g/kg of the polyphenolic additives. The number of CFUs of intestinal microorganisms was not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by the diet modification. However, a large decrease (P > 0.05) was observed in the CFUs of coliform bacteria (up to 96%), E. coli (up to 93%), Lactobacillus spp. (up to 89%), molds and yeasts (up to 95%) and anaerobic Clostridium spp. (up to 52%) in the ileum content of chickens supplemented with the additives containing polyphenols.
Celem pracy było określenie właściwości przeciwutleniających wybranych ekstraktów roślinnych (dziurawca, gryki, głogu i kocanki) oraz ich ważnych składników polifenolowych w stosunku do błon liposomów fosfatydylocholinowych (PC) utlenianych promieniowaniem UVC. Określono także właściwości przeciwrodnikowe tych substancji w stosunku do wolnego rodnika 2,2-difenylo-1-pikrylohydrazylu (DPPH •) oraz stałe asocjacji z błoną z zastosowaniem sondy DPH (l,6-difenylo-l,3,5-heksatrienu). Wykazano następującą relację aktywności przeciwutleniającej ekstraktów wyrażoną parametrem IC 50 PC : głógkora (21,69 mg/l) > dziurawiec (25,45 mg/l) > gryka-łuski (30,33 mg/l) > głóg-liście (32,52 mg/l) > gryka-łęciny (37,47 mg/l) > kocanka (115,06 mg/l). Aktywność przeciwutleniająca wybranych składników polifenolowych zmieniała się natomiast w następujący sposób: kwercetyna (0,53 mg/l) > epikatechina (29,19 mg/l) > kwas chlorogenowy (62,59 mg/l) > rutyna (78,97 mg/l). Dodatnia korelacja aktywności przeciwutleniającej badanych ekstraktów oraz związków fenolowych z aktywnością przeciwrodnikową (r ≥ 0,94) wskazuje, że mechanizm ich przeciwutleniającego działania polega na neutralizowaniu wolnych rodników. Kwercetyna spośród badanych flawonoidów wykazywała najwyższą aktywność przeciwutleniającą, wysoką aktywność przeciwrodnikową (IC 50 DPPH• = 2,51 mg/l) oraz wysoką stałą asocjacji z błoną liposomów (K a = 11,23•10 3 l/mg). Możliwość głębokiego zakotwiczenia się molekuł kwercetyny w błonie liposomów fosfolipidowych ogranicza wnikanie wolnych rodników do wnętrza błony co wzmacnia jej skuteczność przeciwutleniającą.
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