Uncontrolled bleeding can lead to
many complications that might
cause multiple organ failures and even death. Of all the hemostatic
agents used, chitosan has been reported to show better hemostatic
potential. It acts through one mechanism involved in hemostasis that
is plug formation by adhering to the injured site. Hence our focus
is to enhance the hemostatic potential of chitosan (Ch) hydrogel by
incorporating nano whitlockite (nWH: Ca18Mg2(HPO4)2(PO4)12) that
would release Ca2+, Mg2+, and PO4
3– ions that would simultaneously initiate the
coagulation cascade. Ch-nWH composite hydrogel can act simultaneously
on different mechanisms involved in hemostasis and bring about rapid
bleeding control. The nWH particles were synthesized using precipitation
technique and were characterized. Particle size of nWH was found to
be 75 ± 5 nm. Composite hydrogel was characterized using FTIR
and XRD to confirm the presence of different constituents of the hydrogel.
Rheological studies showed the shear-thinning property and increased
elastic modulus of the composite hydrogel compared to Ch hydrogel.
2%Ch-4%nWH hydrogel was observed to be cytocompatible with Human Umbilical
Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC). In the in vitro blood clotting analysis
using citrated human whole blood, 2%Ch-4%nWH hydrogel showed rapid
blood clot formation compared to control 2%Ch hydrogel. Further in
vivo experiments performed on liver and femoral artery injuries created
on Sprague–Dawley (S.D) rat model reveals that 2%Ch-4%nWH hydrogel
promoted rapid bleeding control and less volume of blood loss compared
to Ch hydrogel. These in vitro and in vivo results showed that incorporation
of nWH has enhanced the hemostatic potential of Ch hydrogel. Therefore,
the synthesized 2%Ch-4%nWH hydrogel may be a promising system that
could bring about rapid hemostasis during life threatening bleeding.
Rising awareness of the risks regarding chemical formulations and the surging need for eco-friendly inputs in sustainable agriculture have driven the use of bacterial biocontrol agents to the frontline of plant protection. Bacterial biocontrol agents (BBCAs) have been preferred as feasible alternatives to synthetic formulations due to their increased specificity and safety. Nanotechnology has facilitated the better addressing of product development and performance concerns related to BBCAs. Leveraging nanotechnology in the synthesis of novel nanomaterials with amended properties at the nanoscale has offered efficient and ecologically sound nanoformulations such as nanobiopesticides. The nanobiopesticides of bacterial origin, known as bacteria premised nanobiopesticides (B-NBPs), are efficient alternatives to agrochemicals. The B-NBPs include living or nonliving bacterial nanoformulations or nanoparticles synthesized using bacteria (BNPs) as the nanofactories. The B-NBPs were synthesized using high-pressure homogenization (HPH), jet milling, and hammer milling, giving rise to competent bacterial nanoformulations of size ranging from 250 to 500 nm. Following an overview of bacteria-based nanobiopesticides (B-NBPs) employed to prevent/treat plant diseases, the article highlights the role of BBCA's role in plant protection as well as its antagonistic mechanisms. Further, the concept of B-NBPs, concentrating on Bacillus thuringensis-driven forms, is reviewed. The review then briefly explains the significance of BNPs in plant infection management. Finally, the concerns related to the efficacy of B-NBPs along with the prospects are also described.
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