Aim:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of chlorhexidine (CHX), grape seed extract (GSE), riboflavin/chitosan modification on microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of composite resin to dentin after polymerase chain reaction (PCR) thermocycling.Materials and Methods:Forty extracted human molars were used and a flat surface was then prepared by removing the occlusal one-third. The teeth were randomly assigned into four groups - Group I in which self-etch adhesive (Adper Easy One) was applied and Groups II, III, IV were pretreated with 2% CHX, 6.5% GSE, and 1% riboflavin/chitosan, respectively, before the application of self-etch adhesive. Composite build-ups were constructed, and PCR thermocycling (5000 cycles) was performed. The μTBS was evaluated using the universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test.Results:The mean μTBS values for Group I (control), Group II (CHX), Group III (GSE), and Group IV (riboflavin/chitosan modification) were 30.81, 43.15, 38.79, and 35.07 MPa, respectively.Conclusion:Pretreatment with CHX and GSE leads to a significant increase in μTBS of composite resin to dentin.

Malocclusion not only impacts the appearance of the person but also affects the self-esteem and psychological well-being. This is the first step in understanding the treatment need so that further steps can be taken in preventive and interceptive care.

Background: Endodontic treatment involves the removal of the vital and necrotic contents of the root canal through chemo-mechanical means followed by obturation of the prepared root canal to prevent the ingress of fluids and avoid bacterial infection or regrowth. Root canal sealers and core filling materials are used together to fill the irregularities in the root. Penetration into the dentinal tubules also results in the inhibition of bacterial regrowth and increases the success of root canal therapy. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the penetration depth of various sealers into the dentinal tubules using a confocal microscope. Materials and methods: A total of 65 specimens were decoronated to standardize the root length of 13mm. Working length was determined, and Biomechanical preparation for all the samples was done with a rotary ProTaper file till F4. Samples were randomly divided into five groups containing 13 teeth in each group based on the sealer used, namely Group 1: Endomethasone (n=13), Group 2: AH-Plus (n=13), Group 3: Roekoseal (n=13), Group 4: MTA Fillapex (n=13), Group 5: Endosequence BC (n=13). All the sealers were labelled with Rhodamine-B dye, and samples were obturated using cold lateral compaction technique. The specimens were sectioned orthogonally at coronal, middle, and apical thirds. All the samples were examined with a Zeiss Pascal Laser Scanning Microscope to examine the sealer penetration depth into the dentinal tubules. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's Honest Significant Difference (HSD) tests. Results: Endosequence BC showed the highest penetration into dentinal tubules, followed by MTA Fillapex and Roekoseal, AH-Plus, and Endomethasone exhibited the least penetration. Conclusion: Endosequence BC sealer exhibited maximum penetration. All the groups showed maximum penetration at coronal third, followed by the middle and apical third.

Fusion is one of the developmental dental anomalies in which two adjacent teeth are joined at the crown level forming a single tooth with an enlarged crown. Fusion causes some clinical problems such as unaesthetic appearance, pain, caries, and malocclusion. The management of fusion often needs multidisciplinary approach to give best possible esthetic and functional outcome. This paper reports a case of 9-year-old boy with fused maxillary left central and lateral incisors who was treated with 2 × 4 fixed orthodontic appliances after surgical separation of fused teeth.

Background/Purpose: The eff ect of bleaching agents on dental hard tissues was uncertain. Moreover, reverting the side eff ects caused by bleaching using nutraceuticals as remineralizing agents remained uninvestigated. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the eff ect of 22% carbamide peroxide (CP) on the mineral content of enamel and to evaluate the remineralization of bleached enamel after treatment with three diff erent remineralizing agents. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 extracted human maxillary incisors were selected, and their initial mineral content was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). All the specimens were bleached with 22% CP and their mineral content was reanalyzed. They were then randomly divided into three groups. Group A: Remineralization with casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), Group B: Remineralization with a 6.5% grape seed extract (GSE) solution prepared in phosphate buff er, and Group C: Remineralization with 6.5% wheat grass solution in phosphate buff er. Remineralization was carried out for 10 min, and EDX analysis was carried out again. Statistical analysis was done using oneway ANOVA and Student's t-test. Results: Bleaching with 22% CP signifi cantly decreased the mineral content of the enamel. All the three remineralizing agents signifi cantly increased the mineral content. Group A (CPP-ACP) showed the highest remineralization than Group B and C but was not statistically signifi cant. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that bleaching with CP decreases the mineral content of enamel and agents such as CPP-ACP, GSE, and wheat grass help in remineralizing the bleached surface.