Anthracycline-induced liver injury (AILI) is becoming an increasingly serious and potential clinical complication and is linked to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and subsequent inflammatory response. Herein, we demonstrated that artificial Prussian blue nanozymes (PBZs) prevented daunorubicin-induced liver injury, a prototype of AILI, by attenuating ROS production and regulating inflammation. PBZs exhibited multienzyme activity and could scavenge ROS and free radicals. At the cellular level, PBZs could effectively eliminate ROS, suppress hepatocyte apoptosis, reduce deoxyribonucleic acid damage, and decrease the levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. According to the results of the in vivo study, pretreatment with PBZs also resulted in a desirable protective effect against AILI, as indicated by both a decrease in biochemical indicator levels and hepatocyte necrosis. PBZs upregulated antioxidative genes by activating the Nrf2 pathway to reduce oxidative stress. Meanwhile, PBZs counteracted the inflammatory response based on the decreased expression levels of myeloperoxidase and F4/80 in the liver. Collectively, our findings indicate that PBZ-based nanotherapy is a novel strategy for protecting against AILI.

Nanomaterials with more than one enzyme‐like activity are termed multi‐enzymic nanozymes, which have received increasing attention in recent years and hold huge potential to be applied in diverse fields, especially for biosensing and therapeutics. Compared to single enzyme‐like nanozymes, multi‐enzymic nanozymes offer various unique advantages, including synergistic effects, cascaded reactions, and environmentally‐responsive selectivity. Nevertheless, along with these merits, the catalytic mechanism and rational design of multi‐enzymic nanozymes are more complicated and elusive as compared to single‐enzymic nanozymes. In this review, we systematically discussed the multi‐enzymic nanozymes classification scheme based on the numbers/types of activities, the internal and external factors regulating the multi‐enzymatic activities, the rational design based on chemical, biomimetic, and computer‐aided strategies, and recent progress in applications attributed to the advantages of multi‐catalytic activities. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives regarding the development and application of multi‐enzymatic nanozymes are suggested. This review aims to deepen the understanding and inspire the research in multi‐enzymic nanozymes to a greater extent.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Controllable synthesis of Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBNPs) is significant for their various applications. Further, exploration on the growth process of PBNPs (a kind of nanoparticle which usually undergoes an extremely complicated formation process) is instructive for controllable synthesis and will be an important supplement for crystallization theory. Herein, we developed a facile method to precisely and widely control the size and crystallinity of PBNPs. By simply tuning the prior addition volume of ferric chloride and citric acid mixture combining a double injection reaction, particles with a hydrodynamic size ranging from 120 to 40 nm were synthesized. Meanwhile, the crystallinity of the particles reduced as their size decreased. Unlike the common cognition that generation of PBNPs undergoes a nonclassical aggregation process, our results demonstrated that reaction rate dominated classical nucleation and nuclei enlargement, and the subsequent crystallization contributed to the formation of PBNPs. By carefully studying the crystallography state and transformation relationship of the as-prepared particles, PBNPs were generally divided into three categories: highly crystalline, partly crystalline, and highly amorphous PBNPs. Spectroscopy, enzymology, and magnetic measurements confirmed the size-and crystallinity-dependent physicochemical properties of the PBNPs. Smaller and amorphous PBNPs exhibited remarkably stronger peroxidase-like activity, catalase-like activity, and T 1 -weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ability, suggesting their great potential in the application of multienzyme catalysis and MRI.

Nanozymes with their wide applications have rapidly attracted tremendous attention from various fields in the last decade. However, research on the standardization of nanozymes is still lacking. Currently, the accurate...

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