This study summarizes the recent research status and development of three-dimensional (3D)-printed porous ceramic scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. Recent literature on 3D-printed porous ceramic scaffolds was reviewed. Compared with traditional processing and manufacturing technologies, 3D-printed porous ceramic scaffolds have obvious advantages, such as enhancement of the controllability of the structure or improvement of the production efficiency. More sophisticated scaffolds were fabricated by 3D printing technology. 3D printed bioceramics have broad application prospects in bone tissue engineering. Through understanding the advantages and limitations of different 3D-printing approaches, new classes of bone graft substitutes can be developed.

Psoriasis is a chronic proliferative skin disease and is usually treated with topical glucocorticoids, which act through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a component of the physiological systems essential for immune responses, differentiation, and homeostasis. To investigate the possible role of GR in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, normal and psoriatic lesional skin were recruited. Firstly, the immunolocalization of GR in the skin and cultured epidermal keratinocytes were determined by immunofluorescence. In normal skin and cultured human epidermal keratinocytes, intracellular GR is localized in the nuclei, while in psoriatic skin and cultured keratinocytes, GR is in the cytoplasm. Next, we investigated possible factors associated with the cytoplasmic distribution. We found that VEGF and IFN-γ led to impaired nuclear translocation of GR through p53 and microtubule-inhibitor, vincristine, and inhibited nuclear uptake of GR in normal keratinocytes. In addition to dexamethasone, interleukin (IL)-13 was also able to transfer GR into nuclei of psoriatic keratinocytes. Furthermore, discontinuation of dexamethasone induced cytoplasmic retention of GR in normal keratinocytes. In contrast, energy depletion of normal epidermal keratinocytes did not change the nuclear distribution of GR. To confirm our findings in vivo, an imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin mouse model was included. IL-13 ameliorated (but vincristine exacerbated) the skin lesions on the mouse. Taken together, our findings define that impaired nuclear translocation of GR is associated with VEGF, IFN-γ, p53, and microtubule. Therapeutic strategies designed to accumulate GR in the nucleus, such as IL-13, may be beneficial for the therapy of psoriasis.

Abstract Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with diameters of 30–100 nm that are key for intercellular communication. Almost all types of cell, including dendritic cells, T cells, mast cells, epithelial cells, neuronal cells, adipocytes, mesenchymal stem cells, and platelets, can release exosomes. Exosomes are present in human body fluids, such as urine, amniotic fluid, malignant ascites, synovial fluid, breast milk, cerebrospinal fluid, semen, saliva, and blood. Exosomes have biological functions in immune response, antigen presentation, intercellular communication, and RNA and protein transfer. This review provides a brief overview of the origin, morphological characteristics, enrichment and identification methods, biological functions, and applications in tissue engineering and neurological diseases of exosomes.

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Species of the genus Sugiyamaella (Trichomonascaceae, Saccharomycetales), found in rotting wood in China, were investigated using morphology and the molecular phylogeny of a combined ITS and nrLSU dataset. Nine taxa were collected in China: two were new species (viz. Sugiyamaella chuxiongsp. nov. and S. yunanensissp. nov.) and seven were known species, S. americana, S. ayubii, S. novakii, S. paludigena, S. valenteae, S. valdiviana and S. xiaguanensis. The two new species are illustrated and their morphology and phylogenetic relationships with other Sugiyamaella species are discussed. Our results indicate a potentially great diversity of Sugiyamaella spp. inhabiting rotting wood in China just waiting to be discovered.