Applications of stem cell-derived exosomes in tissue engineering and neurological diseases

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with diameters of 30–100 nm that are key for intercellular communication. Almost all types of cell, including dendritic cells, T cells, mast cells, epithelial cells, neuronal cells, adipocytes, mesenchymal stem cells, and platelets, can release exosomes. Exosomes are present in human body fluids, such as urine, amniotic fluid, malignant ascites, synovial fluid, breast milk, cerebrospinal fluid, semen, saliva, and blood. Exosomes have biological functions in immune response, antigen presentation, intercellular communication, and RNA and protein transfer. This review provides a brief overview of the origin, morphological characteristics, enrichment and identification methods, biological functions, and applications in tissue engineering and neurological diseases of exosomes.</jats:p>

Extracellular vesicles from endothelial progenitor cells prevent steroid-induced osteoporosis by suppressing the ferroptotic pathway in mouse osteoblasts based on bioinformatics evidence

“…Extracellular vesicles are lipid bilayer-enclosed particles that are naturally produced and secreted by cells, which contain various proteins and nucleic acids and mediate cell-to-cell communication to regulate a wide range of biological phenomena, including apoptosis, differentiation, cancer invasion and inhibition, angiogenesis and osteogenesis 8–10 . Among the diverse family of extracellular vesicles, stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles, which function as intercellular messengers among stem cells, were found to play an indispensable role in tissue repair and cell regeneration 11,12 . Various types of extracellular vesicles, including those derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), mineralizing osteoblasts, monocytes and prostate cancer cells were suggested to be able to accelerate angiogenesis and fracture-healing processes 13,14 .…”

Therapeutic Potential of Human Amniotic Epithelial Cells on Injuries and Disorders in the Central Nervous System

“…In particular, exosomes, 30-150 nm extracellular vesicles, including proteins, DNA fragments, phospholipids, and RNAs, mediate various biological functions, such as immune responses, antigen presentation, intercellular communication, protein, and RNA transfer. Exosomes also play an important role in the nervous system including neuronal development, regeneration, synaptic function, and functional recovery in neurological diseases [87, 88]. Recently, exosomes isolated from conditioned media of hAECs (hAEC Exo) prevented bleomycin-induced lung injury in young and aged mice and exerted antifibrotic, immunomodulatory, and regenerative properties.…”

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: Toward cell-free therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine

“…Interestingly, MSC-derived EVs, including exosomes, exert other paracrine effects on tissue regeneration by transferring information to damaged cells or tissue and have biological activity similar to that of MSCs[ 19 ]. Moreover, compared with MSCs, MSC-Exos can cross biological barriers, can be modified to load molecular drugs, have fewer side effects and less immunogenicity, and remain active during storage[ 44 ]. Therefore, the regenerative potential of MSC-Exos as cell-free therapy has been evaluated.…”

“…MSC-Exos are effective and safe for regenerative medicine. However, MSC-Exos have several limitations that should be mentioned[ 44 , 172 ]. First, ultracentrifugation can damage or destroy exosomes and the product is typically of low purity.…”