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The temporal expression of the 54 Chilo iridescent virus (CIV) virion protein genes was investigated by combining drug treatments that inhibit protein or DNA synthesis and an RT-PCR strategy particularly suitable for non-polyadenylated mRNAs. This method generates a uniform 39 terminus by ligation of a 59-phosphorylated oligonucleotide to the 39 end of the transcript that is recognized by a complementary primer during RT-PCR. This analysis showed that CIV virion proteins are encoded by genes in all three predetermined temporal classes: 23 immediate-early, 11 delayed-early and seven late virion gene transcripts were identified and assigned to ORFs. Early transcription of many virion protein genes supports the notion that virion proteins may also play essential roles in the initial stages of infection. In addition, some of the early gene products present in the virion may reflect the intracellular path that the virus follows during infection.

In the present study, the antioxidant, enzyme inhibition (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and cholinesterase) and antimicrobial (MIC) activities of three different solvent (ethanol, methanol, or ethyl acetate) extracts of stem, root, and flower of Doronicum macrolepis plant were investigated. In addition to this, the chemical composition and the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil were determined. Antioxidant activity was detected using ABTS and DPPH assays. Antimicrobial activity evaluated by microdilution method against to nineteen microorganisms. Also, enzyme inhibition activities were determined by colorimetric methods. Essential oil of the plant extracted by hydrodistilation and characterized using GC/MS. The antioxidant properties of the flower were determined to be higher than those of the other segments of this plant. Moreover, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also found to be higher in the flower parts. The highest enzyme inhibition activity was observed to be α-amylase (221.54 mmol ACAE/g extract) in flower ethylacetate extract, α-glucosidase (15.32 mmol ACAE/g extract) in flower ethanol extract, and cholinesterase (AChE: 2.4 and BChE: 22.35 mg GALE/g extract) in stem ethylacetate extract. Besides them, the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was found to be higher than the extracts. It showed a high level of inhibition especially on E. coli at 4 µg/ml concentration. Moreover, remarkable inhibition was observed for two candida strains tested. In conclusion, the results suggest that, because of its bioactivity including the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and enzyme inhibition properties, the D. macrolepis can be accepted as a promising and natural source for the industrial applications. The present study is the first study, in which the bioactive components and the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and enzyme inhibition properties of endemic D. macrolepis plant were determined.

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In the present study, we aimed to search and compare the biological activities of the ethanol (EtOH), methanol (MeOH), and ethylacetate (EtOAc) solvent extracts of the flower, stem, and root parts of two Helichrysum plants (H. chionophilum (Hc) and H. plicatum subsp. plicatum (Hp)). The antioxidant properties were determined by using (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) (DPPH) and ABTS (2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. The enzyme inhibitory effects of the extracts were investigated on butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), α‐glucosidase, and α‐amylase. Palmitic acid (C 16:0) was also determined as major fatty acids in the tested oils (31.21%–67.68%). In both plants, it was found that the EtOAc extracts of the flowers had a strong antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory effect. In conclusion, the results obtained in the present study showed that H. chionophilum and H. plicatum can be seen as a promising source for the natural bioactive compounds that can be used in therapeutic applications. Practical applications The members of the genus Helichrysum have been widely taken for therapeutic purposes in traditional medicine as well as food. In this context, we investigated the chemical characterization and biological activities of two Helichrysum species extracts (H. chionophilum and H. plicatum subsp. plicatum). Antioxidant capacity, enzyme inhibition and anti‐microbial effects were tested for biological activities. Chemical characterization was identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (for phenolic) and gas chromatography‐flame ioanization detector (GC‐FID) (for fatty acids). Based on our findings, the species may be valuable for designing novel food products.

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Bu çalışmada, Gümüşhane bölgesi halk tıbbında kullanılan Alchemilla ellenbergiana (aslanpençesi) bitkisinin farklı polariteye sahip çözücülerle (hekzan, etil asetat, etanol ve metanol) hazırlanmış ekstrelerinin toplam fenolik miktarları, antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri araştırıldı. Toplam fenolik miktarı gallik asit eşdeğeri olarak spektrofotometrik yöntemle ölçüldü ve en yüksek değerler metanol ve etanol ekstrelerinde tespit edildi. Ekstrelerin antioksidan aktiviteleri ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis (3-etilbenzotiazolin-6-sülfonik asit)] ve DPPH (2,2-difenil-1pikrilhidrazil) yöntemleriyle spektrofotometrik olarak belirlendi ve troloks eşdeğeri olarak hesaplandı. Antimikrobiyal aktivite disk difüzyon yöntemiyle patojen mikroorganizmalar üzerine test edildi. Sonuç olarak bitkinin etanol ve metanol ekstrelerinin antioksidan aktivitesi diğer ekstrelerden anlamlı olarak yüksek bulundu (p<0.05). Benzer olarak, etanol ve metanol ekstrelerinin antimikrobiyal aktivitesi de diğer eksterelerden yüksek bulundu.

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