The aims of this study were as follows: (i) to isolate Arcobacter spp. from the stool samples of patients with gastroenteritis; (ii) to identify them with molecular methods; (iii) to genotype them using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR; and (iv) to determine their antibiotic susceptibilities. For the study, a total of 3287 diarrhoeal stool samples submitted to the Microbiology Laboratory of the Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey, between 2010 and 2011 were analysed. Campylobacter blood-free selective medium supplemented with cefoperazone, amphotericin B and teicoplanin was used for isolation. Medium inoculated with stool samples was incubated microaerobically at 37 6C for 72-96 h. Phenotypic tests, a genusspecific PCR and a multiplex PCR were used to identify the arcobacters, whilst ERIC-PCR was used for genotyping and the antibiotic susceptibilities of the isolates were detected by E-test. Arcobacter spp. were isolated from nine of the 3287 samples. These nine isolates were identified as Arcobacter butzleri and all showed different ERIC-PCR profiles. All nine isolates were resistant to ampicillin and susceptible to gentamicin, tetracycline, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin. As far as is known, this is the first study in which A. butzleri has been isolated from human acute gastrointestinal infections in Turkey. According to these results, it is recommended that, when investigating the aetiology of infections of the digestive system in humans, Arcobacter spp. be considered for inclusion. The results of this study should contribute to our knowledge related to A. butzleri infections in humans. INTRODUCTIONThe genus Arcobacter is a member of the family Campylobacteraceae. Currently, the genus Arcobacter has a total of 15 recognized species: Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, Arcobacter skirrowii, Arcobacter nitrofigilis, Arcobacter cibarius, Arcobacter halophilus, Arcobacter mytili, Arcobacter thereius, Arcobacter marinus, Arcobacter trophiarum, Arcobacter defluvii, Arcobacter molluscorum, Arcobacter ellisi, Arcobacter bivalviorum and Arcobacter venerupis Figueras et al., 2011; Levican et al., 2012). Three species, namely A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii, have been associated with gastrointestinal infections (Burnens et al., 1992;Jiang et al., 2010;Vandamme et al., 1992a) and extra-intestinal invasive diseases (Lau et al., 2002;On et al., 1995;Yan et al., 2000). In addition, asymptomatic arcobacter carriage in type 2 diabetic patients has been reported (Fera et al., 2010). Because of its isolation from many human disease cases, A. butzleri is considered to be the most important species of the genus. Some studies have reported the isolation and molecular analyses of arcobacters from miscellaneous sources in Turkey (Atabay et al., 2003(Atabay et al., , 2008Aydin et al., 2007;Ertas et al., 2010). However, in human medicine, no studies have been conducted on arcobacters, except for one case report (Kayman et al., 2010).The current study was undertake...

Extracts of black and green tea inhibited the growth of clinical isolates of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli. Tea extracts killed C. jejuni and C. coli within 4 h. Heat treatment of extracts did not affect inhibitory or bactericidal activity.

(2015) Phylo-typing of clinical Escherichiacoli isolates originating from bovine mastitis and canine pyometra and urinary tract infection by means of quadruplex PCR, Veterinary Quarterly, 35:4, 194-199, DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2015 Background: Escherichia coli is one of the major causative agents of bovine mastitis worldwide, and is typically associated with acute, clinical mastitis. Besides this, E. coli strains which belong to the extra-intestinal pathogenic group are also the major cause of urinary tract infections and pyometra in dogs. Objectives: In this study, it was aimed to investigate phylo-groups/subgroups in 155 E. coli isolates obtained from acute bovine mastitis, 43 from urinary tract infections of dogs and 20 from canine pyometra by a formerly described triplex PCR and recently described new quadruplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Results: Group A 1 (n D 118; 76%) and B1 (n D 71; 46%) were found to be the most prevalent groups by triplex and quadruplex PCR assays in mastitis isolates, respectively. Phylo-typing of 43 urinary tract isolates also revealed that most of the isolates belonged to A 1 (n D 23; 54%) by triplex and B2 (n D 36; 84%) by quadruplex PCR assays. The isolates assigned as group A 1 (n D 17; 85%) by triplex PCR could not be classified by quadruplex PCR in pyometra isolates. Conclusions:The results support the hypothesis that E. coli strains isolated from bovine mastitis cases are environmental. Also, groups C, E and F were identified as new phylo-groups for the first time in acute bovine mastitis cases. The comparison of triplex PCR with quadruplex PCR results revealed that most of the groups assigned in triplex PCR were altered by quadruplex PCR assay.

Four hundred twenty pneumonic lungs from lambs were examined for Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Pasteurella haemolytica by an immunoperoxidase technique using an extravidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections. Histologic examination of tissue sections revealed strong positive reactions in 60.9% and 68.3% of the lungs against M. ovipneumoniae and P. haemolytica, respectively. M. ovipneumoniae and P. haemolytica antigens were observed at the surface and/or within the epithelial cells, macrophages, leucocytes, and bronchiolar exudate. The location of M. ovipneumoniae in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells and P. haemolytica in the neutrophils was detected immunohistochemically.

Extracts of black and green tea inhibited in‐vitro growth of six clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori in an agar diffusion assay. Tea extracts killed H. pylori (106 cfu ml‐1) within 5 h. Heat treatment of extracts did not affect the inhibitory or bactericidal activity.

The genus Brucella causes significant economic losses due to infertility, abortion, stillbirth or weak calves, and neonatal mortality in livestock. Brucellosis is still a zoonosis of public health importance worldwide. The study was aimed to optimize and evaluate PCR assays used for the diagnosis of Brucella infections. For this aim, several primers and PCR protocols were performed and compared with Brucella cultures and biological material inoculated with Brucella. In PCR assays, genus- or species-specific oligonucleotide primers derived from 16S rRNA sequences (F4/R2, Ba148/928, IS711, BruP6-P7) and OMPs (JPF/JPR, 31ter/sd) of Brucella were used. All primers except for BruP6-P7 detected the DNA from reference Brucella strains and field isolates. In spiked blood, milk, and semen samples, F4-R2 primer-oriented PCR assays detected minimal numbers of Brucella. In spiked serum and fetal stomach content, Ba148/928 primer-oriented PCR assays detected minimal numbers of Brucella. Field samples collected from sheep and cattle were examined by bacteriological methods and optimized PCR assays. Overall, sensitivity of PCR assays was found superior to conventional bacteriological isolation. Brucella DNA was detected in 35.1, 1.1, 24.8, 5.0, and 8.0% of aborted fetus, blood, milk, semen, and serum samples by PCR assays, respectively. In conclusion, PCR assay in optimized conditions was found to be valuable in sensitive and specific detection of Brucella infections of animals.

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Summary An enteric disease affected 16 ruminating calves. The disease was characterized by a nonspecific, mild to severe diarrhea and wasting. Two calves died during the course of disease. C. hyointestinalis was isolated from 12 to 14 calves. The antibody titers of affected calves to C. hyointestinalis varied from 1 : 20 to 1 : 160. The disease was successfully treated with chloramphenicol. Zusammenfassung Bovine Diarrhoe im Zusammenhang mit Campylobacter hyointestinalis 16 wiederkäuende Kälber erkrankten an einer Enteritis, die durch unspezifische, milde bis schwere Durchfälle gekennzeichnet war. Zwei Kälber starben. In 12 von 14 Fällen konnte Campylobacter hyointestinalis aus dem Kot isoliert werden. Die Antikörpertiter der erkrankten Tiere gegen Campylobacter hyointestinalis lagen zwischen 1 : 20 und 1 : 160. Die Enteritis konnte erfolgreich mit Chloramphenicol bekämpft werden.