In this study, phyto-synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was achieved using an aqueous leaf extract of Alternanthera tenella. The phytochemical screening results revealed that flavonoids are responsible for the AgNPs formation. The AgNPs were characterised using UV-visible spectrophotometer, field emission scanning microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray, transmission electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction. The average size of the nanoparticles was found to be ≈48 nm. The EDX results show that strong signals were observed for the silver atoms. The strong band appearing at 1601-1595 cm(-1) correspond to C-C stretching vibration from dienes in FT-IR spectrum indicating the formation of AgNPs. Human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells treated with various concentrations of AgNPs showed a dose-dependent increase in cell inhibition. The IC50 value of the AgNPs was calculated to be 42.5 μg mL(-1). The AgNPs showed a significant reduction in the migration of MCF-7 cells.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were biosynthesized using Bauhinia variegata flower extract (BVFE). The BVF-AgNPs was found to be spherical shaped with the size of 5-15 nm. The phytoconstituents analysis and FTIR spectrum indicated that bioactive compounds like, phenols, flavonoids, benzophenones, nitro compounds, aromatics and aliphatic amines from BVFE might absorb on the surface of BVF-AgNPs. The synthesized BVF-AgNPs showed potent antioxidant property and α-amylase enzyme activity inhibition. The IC value of BVF-AgNPs was found to be 4.64 and 16.6 µg/ml for DPPH and ferric reducing power assay, respectively. The IC value of BVF-AgNPs for α-amylase inhibition was found to be 38 µg/ml. The K value of BVF-AgNPs for α-amylase inhibitory effect was found to be 21 µg/ml with the non-competitive mode of inhibition. These results suggest that BVF-AgNPs might be an effective nano-drug to treat diabetic conditions.

Selenium and silver nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using Spermacoce hispida aqueous leaf extract (Sh-ALE). The optimum condition required for the synthesis of Sh-SeNPs was found to be 30 mM selenious acid solution to Sh-ALE at the ratio of 4:46, pH 9, incubated at 40 °C for 10 min. On the other hand, for Sh-AgNPs the optimum condition was found to be 1 mM AgNO3 to the Sh-ALE solution at the ratio of 4:46, pH 8, incubated at 40 °C for 10 min. SEM analysis revealed that both the Sh-AgNPs and Sh-SeNPs are predominantly rod-shaped. Sh-SeNPs and Sh-AgNPs were found to possess concentration-dependent antioxidant activity. However, Sh-SeNPs showed potent anti-inflammatory property, antibacterial property and anticancer activity against human cervical cancer cell in comparison to Sh-AgNPs. Phytochemical analysis, FTIR and GC-MS analysis showed that various flavonoids, saponins and phenolic compounds present in Sh-ALE catalysed the formation of NPs. Also, GC-MS analysis revealed that Sh-SeNPs are capped by synaptogenin B and derivatives of apigenin, quinoline and quinazoline. The advantage of attachment of such phytoconstituents on Sh-SeNPs for its potent biological activity in comparison to Sh-AgNPs is evident in in vitro conditions.

Hence, 10% neem oil local delivery system delivers desired effects on P. gingivalis. Further research is needed to evaluate the neem oil efficacy on other periodontal pathogens.

s-allyl glutathione (SAG) an analogue of glutathione is explored for its antioxidative and liver protection property in recent years. Selenium nanoparticles (Sh-SeNPs) were synthesized using medicinal plant Spermacoce hispida and conjugated with SAG (SAG-Sh-SeNPs). SAG-Sh-SeNPs and Sh-SeNPs were characterized using by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis and zeta potential analysis. SAG-Sh-SeNPs and Sh-SeNPs were evaluated against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver and kidney injury in rat. Pretreatment of NPs attenuated the APAP toxicity-induced elevation of kidney and liver injury markers in the blood circulation. Histological observation showed that NPs pretreatment protected the morphology of liver and kidney tissue. SAG-Sh-SeNPs showed enhanced protection against APAP toxicity in comparison to Sh-SeNPs due to synergistic effect of SAG and Sh-SeNPs. SAG-Sh-SeNPs protected the liver and kidney against APAP toxicity through reducing oxidative stress, enhancing endogenous antioxidants and protecting mitochondrial functions.