Background The genetic base of soybean cultivars in India has been reported to be extremely narrow, due to repeated use of few selected and elite genotypes as parents in the breeding programmes. This ultimately led to the reduction of genetic variability among existing soybean cultivars and stagnation in crop yield. Thus in order to enhance production and productivity of soybean, broadening of genetic base and exploring untapped valuable genetic diversity has become quite indispensable. This could be successfully accomplished through molecular characterization of soybean genotypes using various DNA based markers. Hence, an attempt was made to study the molecular divergence and relatedness among 29 genotypes of soybean using SSR markers. Methods and results A total of 35 SSR primers were deployed to study the genetic divergence among 29 genotypes of soybean. Among them, 14 primer pairs were found to be polymorphic producing a total of 34 polymorphic alleles; and the allele number for each locus ranged from two to four with an average of 2.43 alleles per primer pair. Polymorphic information content (PIC) values of SSRs ranged from 0.064 to 0.689 with an average of 0.331. The dendrogram constructed based on dissimilarity indices clustered the 29 genotypes into two major groups and four sub-groups. Similarly, principal coordinate analysis grouped the genotypes into four major groups that exactly corresponded to the clustering of genotypes among four sub-groups of dendrogram. Besides, the study has reported eight unique and two rare alleles that could be potentially utilized for genetic purity analysis and cultivar identification in soybean. Conclusion In the present investigation, two major clusters were reported and grouping of large number of genotypes in each cluster indicated high degree of genetic resemblance and narrow genetic base among the genotypes used in the study. With respect to the primers used in the study, the values of PIC and other related parameters revealed that the selected SSR markers are moderately informative and could be potentially utilized for diversity analysis of soybean. The clustering pattern of dendrogram constructed based on SSR loci profile displayed good agreement with the cultivar’s pedigree information. High level of genetic similarity observed among the genotypes from the present study necessitates the inclusion of wild relatives, land races and traditional cultivars in future soybean breeding programmes to widen the crop gene pool. Thus, hybridization among diverse gene pool could result in more heterotic combinations ultimately enhancing genetic gain, crop yield and resistance to various stress factors.
In plants, a fascinating set of post-fertilization events result in the development of a dispersal unit known as a seed. During the maturation phase, seeds accumulate storage reserves and acquire desiccation tolerance, followed by an increase in seed vigour during maturation drying. Physiological (or mass) maturity may be attributed to the stage of seed maturation when maximum seed dry matter accumulation has occurred, marking the end of the seed-filling phase. The stage of maturity at harvest is one of the most important factors that can influence the quality of seeds. Recent studies established that seed vigour and longevity continue to increase even after physiological maturity, signifying the importance of the late maturation phase for maximizing seed quality. Among the plant hormones, abscisic acid (ABA) has been studied extensively for its role during seed development and maturation. Apart from ABA, gibberellic acid (GA), cytokinin and auxin also play a critical role during the development of seeds. Desiccation tolerance in seeds begins much before the attainment of physiological maturity. Acquisition of desiccation tolerance is associated with embryo accumulation of oligosaccharides of the raffinose family, low molecular weight antioxidants, late embryogenesis abundant proteins and heat shock proteins coupled with structural changes at the cellular level. To obtain seeds of maximum quality (in terms of germination, vigour and longevity), harvesting needs to be performed at or slightly after harvest maturity a period at which seed moisture content stabilizes with environmental factors. In this chapter, an attempt has been made to present the current understanding of seed development and maturation concentrating on various aspects viz. phases of seed development, the role of plant hormones, other factors affecting seed development, concepts of seed maturity, and its relevance to seed quality, maturity indices in crop plants and acquisition of desiccation tolerance in seeds.
Food security coupled with nutritional security is a great concern to address the menace of malnutrition. In the present study, total phenolic contents and antioxidant potential of 35 soybean genotypes have been determined (2018). Besides, the solvent system for efficient extraction of total phenolic content coupled with antioxidants (nutraceuticals) has been optimized. The results revealed that the higher total phenolic contents from soybean seed coats and cotyledons were obtained in acetone-water-acetic acid (70:28:02, v/v) mixture. Total phenolic content (TPC) in soybean genotypes were in the range of 2.58–51.37 μg/mL and 4.26–12.76 mg/mL in seed coats and cotyledons, respectively. In soybean seed coats, higher phenolic content was observed in JS76-205 genotype with 128.5 μg/ml, while JS-2 and MAUS-158 showed 9.00 μg/mL. On the other hand, TPC derived from soybean cotyledons of NRC-37 and MAU-81 showed 12.76 mg/mL; whereas in PS-1347 resulted 4.26 mg/mL. Characterization of phenolic compounds in soybean seed coat and cotyledon revealed the presence of protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde, vanillic acid, vanillin, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid. Further, antioxidant studies performed from soybean seed coats and cotyledons were in the range of 9.00–128.50 μg eq. ascorbic acid and 2.13–4.27 mg eq. ascorbic acid, respectively. This study demonstrates that the TPC derived from soybean coat and cotyledon can be used not only as nutraceutical but also ensure food and nutritional security.
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