India’s charismatic wildlife species are facing immense pressure from anthropogenic-induced environmental perturbations. Zoos play a major role in the conservation of threatened species, but their adaptation in captivity is posing a major challenge globally. Stress from inadequate adaptation could lead to suppression of cognitive functioning and increased display of stereotypic behaviour. It is thus necessary to measure biological traits like behaviour, stress physiology, and contextual factors driving the animals maintained at zoos. In this study, we assessed stereotypic behaviour and stress physiology employing standard behaviour scoring, non-invasive stress monitoring, and their contextual drivers in a sub-population of two large felid species managed in six Indian zoos. The prevalence and intensity of stereotypic behaviours and levels of faecal corticosterone metabolites (FCM) were ascertained among 41 Royal Bengal tigers Panthera tigris tigris and 21 Indian leopards Panthera pardus fusca between April 2014 and March 2015. Behavioural observations showed that tigers spent more time stereotyping (12%) than leopards (7%) during daylight hours. Stress levels assessed using FCM revealed that tigers (23.6 ± 1.62 ng/g) had marginally lower level of corticosterone metabolites than leopards (27.2 ±1.36 ng/g). Stereotypic behaviour increased significantly with FCM level when the effect of heath status was controlled in tigers, and the effects tree cover, stone, den and keeper attitude controlled in leopards. Comparison of stereotypes of tigers with various biological and environmental factors using binary logistic regression revealed that stereotypic prevalence decreased with increased enclosure size, and enclosure enrichments like presence of pools and stones, when managed socially with conspecifics, and with positive keeper attitude, these factors accounting for 43% of variations in stereotypic prevalence among tigers. Stereotype among leopards was significantly absent when associated with increased tree cover and presence of pool, and den in the enclosure, age and among zoo-born than wild-born ones. These factors explain 81% of variations in stereotypic prevalence in them. A comparison of FCM levels with context-dependent factors revealed that stress levels among tigers decreased significantly with enclosure size and with individuals from nil to low, and severity of health issues. These factors explain 64% of variations in FCM levels. In leopards, the presence of stones in the enclosure and keepers with positive attitude resulted in significant decrease in FCM levels, these factors together accounting for 94% of variations. Multiple regressions on selected variables based on Factor Analysis of Mixed Data showed that in tigers the intensity of stereotype decreased significantly with enclosure size, sociality and positive keeper attitude and FCM level with health problems. Similarly, analyses in leopards revealed that intensity of stereotype decreased significantly with tree cover, age and FCM level with positive kee...
The aim of the study was to establish the finger printing profile and evaluation of in vitro antidiabetic potential of C. obtusa. In vitro antidiabetic activity was carried out according to the method adopted by Miller, 1959. HPTLC studies were carried out using CAMAG HPTLC system equipped with Linomat 5 applicator, TLC scanner 3 and Win cats-4 software for the active fractionation of aqueous-methanolic leaf extracts of C. obtusa. Among the various plant parts analyzed, leaf exhibited efficient inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Therefore, the leaf extract was further fractionated using various solvent systems petroleum ether, chloroform, ethylacetate, butanol and water and were subjected to in vitro antidiabetic activity. Among the fractions analyzed chloroform fraction exhibited remarkable antidiabetic activity by inhibiting α-amylase and αglucosidase enzymes. Furthermore, the active leaf fractions were analyzed with HPTLC to develop fingerprint profiles and these fractions revealed the presence of 13 and 22 major spots of alkaloids and flavonoids respectively with different Rf values. The results of the present study thus claim the folkloric usage of the plant in diabetic related maladies.
The main objectives of the present study was two fold, namely, first to evaluate the baseline Single-Strand Breaks (SSBs) frequency in Cervical Cancer patient's and secondly, to study the radio-protective effect of 2deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) on such cells when exposed to ionising radiation like that of gamma radiation. The reason for proposing such a study is that the DNA of cancer patients has a general tendency to "break", i.e. "Concept of Common Fragile Sites". This is not yet clearly understood as to whether it is the cause or effect of the pathological processes and necessitates looking into the base-line SSBs in this type of patients. Secondly, the main line of treatment of Cervical Cancer is that of radiotherapy & / or surgery, therefore there is a need to protect the normal cells surrounding the tumour tissue during the course of radiotherapy. This could be achieved by means of a radiomodulator such as 2-DG, which protects normal cells and sensitises the tumour tissue, thus acting as a double-edged sword. Hence the study was designed to evaluate the SSBs by Comet Assay (Single cell Agarose Gel Electrophoresis-SAGE) using a silver staining method, which does not require the usage of fluorescent microscopy and can be analysed with the aid of a simple light microscopy. The results showed that the Cervical Cancer patient's peripheral blood lymphocytes are not entirely fragile and the radiation exposure leads to increasing levels of DNA SSBs, which is reduced by 2-DG showing that the compound can be used as an adjuvant to radiotherapy.
A new ruthenium arsine complex was prepared by reacting equimolar ratio of [RuBr3(AsPh3)3] and 2-benzoyl pyridine. It was characterized by microanalysis, FT-IR and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. X-ray diffraction data showed the distorted octahedral geometry of the complex. The pyridine nitrogen and carbonyl oxygen of the ligand coordinated with the metal center. Antioxidant activity of the complex was analyzed using different assays, which manifested significant activity. It has been found that a newly synthesized complex possessed better antioxidant activity than the ligand and precursor complex.
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