Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes huge economic loss to the poultry industry due to high mortality and morbidity. The present study aimed to assess the protective role of novel phosphorylated analogue ABC-1 in vivo in NDV-infected chickens through the inhibition of fusion protein. Both NDV-induced oxidative damage and protective role of novel phosphorylated ABC-1 were evaluated in vital organs such as the liver and lung of chickens. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results showed that protein oxidation and nitration levels were significantly raised in NDV-infected tissues compared to healthy controls, whereas these levels were reduced significantly (P < 0.05) in birds treated with phosphorylated compounds compared to the NDV-infected group alone. Additional investigation with double immunofluorescence showed that the large amount of immuno colocalization and Western blot analysis also confirmed this observation through its band pattern in NDV-infected birds compared to healthy birds, whereas these alterations were reduced in treatment with novel phosphorylated ABC-1. The expression of fusion glycoprotein was studied by immuno colocalization, PCR, and flow cytometry, and results demonstrated that the novel phosphorylated analogues reduced the expression of fusion glycoprotein. These results put forth that novel phosphorylated ABC-1 protects chickens from NDV-induced pathogenesis, protein oxidation/nitration, and exerts potent antiviral activity.

A series of novel phosphorylated derivatives of didanosine were designed and docking studies were performed with a fusion protein of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV), to develop antiviral compounds against NDV. Based on the docking scores and binding affinities, three derivatives were selected. These compounds were synthesized and characterized by IR, (1) H, (13) C, (31) P, and CHN analysis and mass spectra. They were assessed for their in vitro antiviral activity in DF-1 cells; DDI-10 showed better antiviral activity as evidenced by significant reduction in plaque formation and cytopathic effects. DDI-10 was further evaluated in NDV-infected chicken; the survival rates and antioxidant enzyme levels in brain, liver, and lung tissues were estimated. Superoxide dismutase and catalase were significantly raised, and lipid peroxidation and HA titer levels were decreased upon treatment with 1.5 mg/kg body weight of DDI-10 than with 3 mg/kg body weight of DDI. Further histopathological alterations in NDV-infected tissues were restored in chicken treated with DDI-10. Thus, based on the results from in silico, in vitro, and in vivo assays, the novel phosphorylated DDI-10 might be considered as potent antiviral compound for NDV infection in chicken.

The present investigation explores the anticlastogenic effect of diosgenin on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) treated clastogenesis. The frequency of bone marrow micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MnPCEs), chromosomal aberrations (CA), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage as cytogenetic markers and the levels of lipid peroxidation by-products, activities of enzymatic antioxidant and the status of detoxification agents were performed to assess the anticlastogenic effects of diosgenin on DMBA treated hamsters. Intraperitoneal injection of DMBA (30 mg/kg bw) leads to clastogenesis in hamster. Elevated MnPCEs frequencies, CA, DNA damage, enhanced lipid peroxidation by products, declined antioxidant activities and detoxification cascade were observed in DMBA treated hamsters. Oral pretreatment with diosgenin (80 mg/kg bw) daily for a period of five days significantly reduced the frequency of MnPCEs, CA, DNA damage and normalized the levels of lipid peroxidation by products with increased activities of antioxidants and detoxification agents in DMBA alone treated hamsters. Outcome of the present study revealed that diosgenin has potent anticlastogenic effects on DMBA treated hamsters.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic stem extract of Artabotrys zeylanicus against paracetamol (PCT), Ethanol (ETN) and Isoniazid and Rifampicin (IR) induced hepatotoxicity in Albino wister rats. Methodology: The material was dried in shade, they were powdered and extracted with ethanol. Preliminary Phytochemical tests were done. The hepatoprotective activity of the ethanol extract was assessed in Albino wister rats. PCT (3 g/kg), ETN (5 gm/kg) and IR (100 mg/kg) has enhanced the levels of various biochemical markers of hepatic damage like Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Trasaminase (SGOT), Serum Glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), Alkaline phosphatise (ALP), bilirubin. Antioxidant levels were tested in all the Hepatotoxins treated and untreated groups. Results: The various biochemical and Histopathological investigations done were Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Trasaminase (SGOT), Serum Glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), Alkaline phosphatise (ALP), Bilirubin, antioxidant activity by 1,1-diphenyl 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), Nitro Blue Tetrazolium (NBT), Hyderogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid perioxidation, hyderoxil radical and nitric oxide. Treatment of ethanolic extract of stem of A. zeylanicus (100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg body weight) has brought back the altered levels of biochemical markers to the near normal levels in the dose dependent manner. Ethanolic extract of A. zeylanicus were observed to inhibit oxidant stress with the maximum value of 71% and 62% at the concentration of 100 µg/mL. The crude ethanolic extract of A. zeylanicus had a calculated IC50 value of 62.2 and 63.25 μg/mL, which is nearly similar to the calculated IC50 value of the known antioxidant, ascorbic acid, ie 65.3 μg/mL. While the rats treated with AZ extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) which were shown as reduction/absence of inflammatory cells, vascular congestion, cellular degeneration, necrosis and vacuoles. In contrast, the lower doses (100 mg/kg) of ethanolic extract of AZ stem shown low protection than at higher dose 400 mg/kg. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that A. zeylanicus ethanol stem extract possessed a potent antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity.

Newcastle disease virus is the most devastating virus in poultry industry. It can eradicate the entire poultry flocks once infected. This study is aimed to investigate the antiviral efficacy of novel phosphorylated analogues of the drug abacavir (ABC) against Newcastle disease virus (NDV). About 16 analogues of ABC were designed and docking was performed against fusion protein of NDV. Three compounds were identified and selected for synthesis and biological evaluation based on binding affinity and docking scores. The compounds were synthesized and characterized by IR, (1)H, (13)C, (31)P and CHN analysis and mass spectra. These compounds were tested for antiviral efficacy against NDV-infected DF-1 cells. Compound ABC-1 had shown potent antiviral activity as evidenced by significant reduction in plaque units and cytopathic effect. Therefore, ABC-1 was selected to test for NDV-infected chicken survival rate. Effective dose50 concentrations were determined for ABC-1. Antioxidant enzyme levels in brain, liver and lung tissues were estimated. Superoxide dismutase and catalase were significantly raised and lipid peroxidation and HA titer levels were decreased upon treatment with 2 mg/kg body weight ABC-1. Histopathological modifications were also restored in the ABC-1-treated group. These findings demonstrated ABC-1 as a potential antiviral agent against NDV in chicken.