Temporal development ofJlit) and I 0 {t) [Eqs. (7.30) and (7.31)] Generalized power-law formula [Eq. (10.27) for photoemission and Eq. (10.28) for XAS and XES] I. Thermal broadening and comparison with experiments on quantum wells [Eqs. (7.38) and (7.39)] XII. Application of thE MND Model to Real Systems XIII. Summary Acknowledgments References B.

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Two-dimensional photonic crystals of dielectric spheres with a 2.1 μm diameter have been fabricated by arranging individual spheres using a micromanipulation technique in a scanning electron microscope. A buildup of photonic bands from whispering gallery modes has been observed as the number of spheres increased, by measuring the transmission spectra for lattices composed of various numbers of spheres. The photonic band dispersion curves were experimentally obtained for a finite system made of 91 spheres from the transmission spectra for oblique incidence in the near-infrared region. They were in good agreement with the results of a numerical calculation for an infinite lattice. Since this mechanical manipulation technique enables us to control the arrangement of individual optical wavelength-sized scatterers, it provides a new way to systematically investigate various photonic band effects.

An analytical expression of the lasing threshold for arbi trary photonic crystals was derived, which showed their reduction due to small group velocities of electromagnetic eigenmodes. The lasing threshold was also evaluated numerically for a two-dimensional photonic crystal by examining the divergence of its transmission and reflection coeffcients numerically. A large reduction of lasing threshold caused by a group-velocity anomaly that is peculiar to two- and three- dimensional photonic crystals was found.

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