Introduction: Different studies have shown the role of micro and macronutrients on cognitive function. Macronutrients have been involved in many metabolic activities of the body including oxidation and reduction reactions in the central nervous system. This involvement of macronutrients in the activities of central nervous system indicates its role in cognition. The present study is designed to know the role of macronutrients and its relation with cognition by using biological samples. Materials and methods: A total of 337 subjects with a mean age of 49 participated in the cross sectional study from different parts of Kerala state in India. Individuals participating in this study were administered a series of neuropsychological test batteries with major emphasis on 7-min screen test. All test procedures were administered by standard protocol after a written consent was obtained from the participating subjects. Analysis of macronutrients level of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus was done by using serum samples and the data obtained were then statistically analyzed using SPSS software version 17. Results: The macronutrients magnesium, calcium and phosphorus were found to be significantly related to the cognitive score. Increasing magnesium and calcium level was associated with higher cognitive score (P < 0.0031 and 0.001 respectively), while lower phosphorus level was significantly associated with lower composite score (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The results of our study give us an expression that macronutrients such as calcium, magnesium and phosphorus may be associated with cognitive function in elderly population of our state. But further studies on a larger population are required to come out with a definite conclusion.
Our study supports the Drug-Gene Interaction principle, where patients experience adverse drug reactions (ADRs) due to genetic predisposition or due to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in drug metabolizing genes. The target enzyme for 5- Fluorouracil is thymidylate synthase (TYMS) this enzyme is also involved in folate metabolism. We determined the frequencies of polymorphisms in drug metabolizing enzyme like TYMS and correlated the drug response in 140 breast cancer patients compared to 150 controls, using PCR and RFLP method. In our results the TYMS1494del polymorphism was statistically significant; allele frequencies for 6bp deletion and 6bp insertion were 0.85 and 0.15 in BC (Breast Cancer) patients compared with 0.95 and 0.04 in controls. The enhancer region 2R/3R heterozygote genotypes were found to be not significant for BC risk. In this study combined genotypes showed 2 fold increased risk of BC. Frequency distribution of 2R and 3R allele among BC patients was 0.85 and 0.15 and 0.95 and 0.04 in controls respectively. Correlation analysis of TYMS enhancer region polymorphisms with drug response suggested that the response was poor in BC patients with 2R/3R and 2R/2R genotypes, but patients with poor response were fewer in number, that this gene may be important in drug response. Genetic screening of the drug metabolizing enzyme like TYMS for the presence of polymorphisms in breast cancer patients will become increasingly useful in individualizing drug therapy.
Background: The p53 protein has pleiotropic functions in the modulation of genomic stability of cells. Disruption of p53 activity is commonly found in human cancers. The p53 codon 72 polymorphism is likely to play an important role in the susceptibility to OSCC. We aimed to investigate the association of p53 codon 72 polymorphism with oral squamous cell carcinoma in south Indian population. Methods: We genotyped 150 OSCC patients and 150 controls, using PCR-RFLP method. Results: Our results showed a significant difference in the distributions of p53 codon 72 genotypes among cases and controls. Genotype frequencies of p53 Arg/Arg, Arg/Pro and Pro/Pro were 50.8, 33.9 and 14.4% in the oral squamous cell carcinoma patients and 48.7, 45.1 and 6.2% in the controls, respectively. Arginine/arginine genotype was elevated in controls compared to patients (P<0.0001), where as Proline/Proline (P<0.005) and arginine/proline (P<0.002) genotypes were elevated in patients compared to controls. Arginine allele frequency showed high in cases than Proline. Conclusion: The results of the present study detected that p53 codon 72 polymorphism may contribute to oral squamous cell carcinoma susceptibility in south Indian population.
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