Aim:The aim of this study was to test the effect of varying alcohol concentrations of various commercially available mouthwashes on force decay of elastomeric chains in prestretched and unstretched condition. Materials and methods:A total of five specimen groups were tested with a total sample size of 180 specimens. A specimen is described as a three-link, short module, clear elastomeric chain (3M Unitek, Ortho Plus, Ortho Organizer). The control and test groups were independently submerged in separate 37°C artificial saliva to simulate the oral conditions. Effects of different solution groups and time (initial, 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days) on three different elastomeric chains and force (cN) are analyzed with two-way analysis of variance; pair-wise comparisons are done by t-test. Results:Higher mean force was recorded initially followed by 24 hours >7 days >14 days >21 days and 28 days respectively. The difference in mean force decay among the different time intervals was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.001). Among the different solutions, higher mean force was recorded in 21.6% alcohol mixture > Listerine 8.38% > Wokadine > alcohol mixture 8.38% > artificial saliva. Conclusion:In conclusion, alcohol-containing mouth rinses cause an increase in force decay of elastomeric chain over time.Clinical significance: These mouth rinses are commonly recommended during orthodontic treatment. The orthodontist can know better that the alcohol content of the mouth rinses and the structural and molecular modification results in the decay of elastomeric chain.

Aim:The purpose of this study was to determine the possible effects of genetic and environmental factors on dentofacial complex using monozygotic twins. Materials and methods:The study sample was made of 21 pairs of monozygotic twins (14 female pairs and seven male pairs) between 10 and 25 years. Pretreatment lateral cephalograms were used which were traced and digitized, and various landmarks to determine the anteroposterior and vertical proportions were marked. Samples were divided into two groups. The correlation between groups was found by calculating Pearson's product moment correlation coefficients. Results:The range of the correlation coefficient was from 0.705 to 0.952. Gonial angle showed the highest correlation coefficient (0.952), while saddle angle showed the lowest correlation coefficient (0.705). Conclusion:The growth and development of craniofacial complex is under mutifactorial control. However, genetic influences do tend to play a dominant role.Clinical significance: By studying identical twins, we can study about the interaction of the environment with the genes and how it affects the growth and development of the body in general and dentofacial complex in particular. By utilizing twin studies, we can identify whether a particular trait, disease, or disorder is influenced more strongly by genetics or by the environment. Success of orthodontic treatment depends on a proper diagnosis of the problem including its etiological factors. Genetic studies let the orthodontists to understand the effects of genetic and environmental factors in the growth and development of dentofacial complex better and allows to prevent or treat malocclusions and skeletal anomalies in better ways. Growth and Development of Dentofacial Complex influenced by Genetic and Environmental Factors using Monozygotic Twins